Browsing by Author "Intikhab Alam"

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    CHALLENGES IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE WRIT OF THE STATE IN FATA (A CASE STUDY OF KHYBER AGENCY)
    (INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL WORK, SOCIOLOGY AND GENDER STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR, 2006) Intikhab Alam; Supervisor Prof. Dr. Niaz Muahamamd
    The present study was conducted on challenges in the establishment of the writ of the state in Khyber Agency, one of the seven agencies of the Federally Administered Tribal areas (FATA) of Pakistan. The main purpose of this study was to sociologically analyze the multiple Challenges weakening the writ of the state. Data was collected from the sampled agency‐related people, including Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), business community, intellectuals (academicians, lawyers, journalists, and political leaders), students of post graduate classes and political administration. Total sample size of the study is 380 whereas each group has equal representation of 76. Data was taken randomly from each group under purposive sampling technique through Likert Scale questionnaire. Inferences were drawn through univariate and bivariate modes of analysis. The study proceeded with the major objectives: Identifying the cross sectional perception of the tribal community; knowing the existing constitutional arrangements and vacuum therein; ascertaining the elements blocking the way of implementing the constitution of Pakistan; and assessing the role of political administration and local leaders (Maliks) in the State writ from their end. A conceptual framework, containing dependent variable (writ of the State) and independent variable (Challenges) including Frontier Crime Regulation, social deprivation, socio‐ economic under development, insurgency, foreign interference, traditional role of the tribal elders and their political interests, was developed. The study found that Frontier Crime regulation (FCR) was a law of the tribal areas which had a greater association with the weak writ of the state as it promoted crime rate, defended the interests of political administration as well as of local leaders who did not pay state taxes of different nature, and provided a safe place to the inside and outside insurgents. They (insurgents) pushed down the peaceful people into the settled areas of the country in the guise of internally displaced persons (IDPs) as they demanded of induction of the local youngsters in their camps and also of financial support. The study further indicates that post‐1979 and 9/11 incidents were among the other reasons which escalated insurgency in the entire tribal belt situated around the Afghan border. Low socio‐economic status of the area was also found as an influencing stimulant to motivate the tribal people to amass war weapons and participate in illegal activities. Unemployment, marginalized status, illiteracy, critical physical infrastructure, no access of NGOs to tribal areas, and gender inequality in education, health and employment were endorsed by the study findings which played a subsidiary role in weakening the State writ. The uncertain situation also compelled the business community to migrate to Peshawar, Mardan and other big cities of the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.