Browsing by Author "Supervised by Prof. Dr Sarah Safdar"

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    Causative Factors of Mental Retardation
    (Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 2002) Monica Qamar Zaman; Supervised by Prof. Dr Sarah Safdar
    lhe study “Causative factors of Mental Retardation” focuses on the children with mental disabilities. Any disability or abnormality is a great problem for the disabled and for his/her family. The area of study was limited to the Mental Retardation Center, Complex for Special Education, Balochistan, Complex for Special Education, Hayatabad, Peshawar & Sarhad School for Rehabilitation of Disabled, Peshawar Objectives 1. To study the extent of congenital causes of mental retardation. 2. To study the environmental factors affecting the development of the mentally retarded. 3. Endogamyasa social factor to mental retardation. 4. Attitude of neighbors and other family members to the retarded child. Mental retardation involves a general delay in the development of intellectual and adoptive abilities and affects most areas of social cognitive and language functioning. Mental retardation is generally assessed by a combination oftesting on formal tests of intelligence and by observation of the child’s adoptive functioning. The levels and 1.Q scores of retardation are as Mild in between 5570, Moderate 40-54, severe, 23-39, profound below 25 (Bniot Scale). For this research, Sarhad Model School for Special Education and Complex for Special Education, Hayatabad Peshawar was selected from NWFP and Kiran Complex of Special Education School was selected from Baluchistan. All schools are under Federal Government. A total sample of 100 retarded children parents and their neighbors were selected for this research. Fifty Retarded children’s parents & 50 next-door neighbors of mental retarded child were selected from both provinces, to find out the main causative factors of mental retardation, and to know the societies mental approach i.e. their attitudes and their views about the retarded children. Mental retardation is a term, which covers all forms of less than normalintellectual functioning. (S. M. Bhatia, 1992). 1 . Assumption was: Families with poor Economic conditions have mal — nourished and poorhealth of the expecting mothers, whichaffects the fetus’s mental and physical development. 2 . Assumption was: Stress and strains on the expecting mothers affect the fetus and increases menta! retardation in newbornchildren. 3" Assumption was: Cousin marriages weaken the genes of couple andthey give birth to the mentally retarded children. Assumption No.4 was: Aged and physiological weak mothers give birth to mentally retarded children. From different research techniques interview technique was used for data collection. For pre-testing 10 interviews were taken, unnecessary things like repetition of questions and language ofthe interview schedule was checked,after interview schedule was improved. After data collection it was classified and tabulated. The main inferences were: •To knowthe causative factor of mental retardation. •To study the environmental factors affecting the development of the mentally retarded. • Endogamy as asocial factor to mental retardation. • Attitude of retarded child’s neighbor andhis family members.
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    Problems and Prospects of Primary Health Care Services in District Mardan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
    (Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 2006) Muhammad Ibrar; Supervised by Prof. Dr Sarah Safdar
    Health is the top most priority in every individual’s life. Good health accelerates human efficiency and the development procedure, and as a fundamental human right it should be accessible and reachable to all. According to World Health Organization’s definition, “Health of an individual or community is not only concerned with physical or mental state but also an individual’s economic and social wellbeing.” The research in hand focused on the Primary Health Care Services provided by the Basic Health Units in Mardan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. The objectives of the study were:  to assess the health care services provided by the BHUs and  to find out the hurdles in the way of service delivery for the management of the BHUs. The universe of the study was District Mardan of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. The sample of the study was selected by multi-stage cluster sampling techniques. The findings highlighted that most of the young people especially women goes to these BHUs for mostly cough and flu or gynecological problems, while mostly men of the area prefer to go to private clinics. The older women cannot go to the BHUs because they have difficulty in reaching these BHUs which are located far away from their houses and the transport is not available for them in the area. Most of the beneficiaries of the BHUs complained of low quality medicine, no waiting area for the patients and attendants, and lack of LHVs or LHWs home visits in the periphery. While the staff of BHUs who were mostly doctors complained of low salary, lack of facilities provided by government and security threat in performing their duties especially for polio vaccine.