Browsing by Author "supervisor Prof. Dr.Bashir Ahmad"

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    Molecular Epidemiology of Antibiotic Resistant Genes in Pathogenic Bacteria ( A Case Study of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan)
    (Center of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, 2013) Johar Jamil; supervisor Prof. Dr.Bashir Ahmad
    This study was conducted from 2009 to 2012 on isolates collected from two tedary hospitals of Peshawar, I(iyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The aim ofthis study was to find out the resistance profile of different antibiotics and biocides, prevalence of extendedspectum flactamases (ESBLs) and caxbapenemases ilt ,t aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella spp_ eJtd P. aeruginosa, rcspectively. Among 133 S. aureus, 4'7yo werc Methicillin resistant S azreus (MRSA). Cefoxitin was found to be the most efficient and effective method for the detection of MRSA. In S. aureus, 'tal]lcomycir' (VAN) and linzolid (LZD) showed best activity against both MRSA and MSSA. High level of antibiotic resista[ce was found in MRSA isolates. Most of our ,S. arrem isolates were susceptible to biocides. The genes including sea and pvl were the most dominant genes in S. a,rezs isolates. Carbapenems including meropenem and imipenem showed very good activity against E coli and Klebsiella spp. and P aeruginosa. ESBL and carbapenem.tse prcducers were also detected inE' coli arrd Klebsiella spp
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    Phytochemical evaluation bioassay screening and standization of Zizy jujuba and Acacia modesta
    (Center of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, 2011) Ibrar Khan; supervisor Prof. Dr.Bashir Ahmad
    The present PhD dissertation comprises of two Parts; Part A and Part B Part A describes the phytochemical and biological investigations of Acacia modesta. The phytochemical investigations include the isolation of four compounds from the ethyl acetate fraction i.e. Nonaeicosanol (1) [P # 70], Palmitone (2) [P # 73], benzoic acid (3) [P # 76] and Lupeol (4) [P # 78]. Acacia modesta was a new source for Nonaeicosanol (1) and Palmitone (2). The oils isolated from the n-hexane fraction were subjected to GC-MS analysis. The GC-MS analysis of the oils revealed 38 components. The pharmacological / biological investigations include the antibacterial, antifungal, phytotoxic, insecticidal, brine shrimp lethality, haemagglutination, anti-termite, Nitric Oxide (NO) free radical scavenging and spasmolytic activities of the crude methanolic extract and various fractions of the plant. The oils obtained from the plant were also screened for antibacterial, antifungal, phytotoxic, insecticidal and brine shrimp lethality bioassays. The pharmacological / biological investigations revealed that the plant possesses significant antibacterial, insecticidal and anti-termite activities. Moderate NO free radical scavenging and haemagglutination activity was also observed. The plant showed low antifungal, phytotoxic, brine shrimp lethality and spasmolytic activities. The oils of the plant possessed significant brine shrimp lethality activity, moderate antifungal and phytotoxic and no antibacterial and insecticidal activity. Part B describes the phytochemical and biological investigations of Zizyphus jujuba. The phytochemical investigations include the isolation of compounds from the ethyl acetate, nhexane and chloroform fractions. Two compounds i.e. 4-methoxydalbergeione (5) [P # 178] and betulinic acid (6) [P # 180] were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction. Stigmasterol (7) xii [P # 184] was isolated from the chloroform and β –sitosterol (8) [P # 188] from the n-hexane fraction of the plant. The pharmacological / biological investigations include antibacterial, antifungal, phytotoxic, insecticidal, brine shrimp lethality, haemagglutination, anti-termite, NO free radical scavenging and spasmolytic activities of the crude methanolic extract and various fractions of the plant. The oils obtained from the plant were also screened for antibacterial, antifungal, phytotoxic, insecticidal and brine shrimp lethality bioassays. The pharmacological / biological investigations revealed that the plant possesses significant antibacterial and anti-termite activities. Moderate phytotoxic, insecticidal and brine shrimp lethality activities were observed. The plant showed low antifungal, NO free radical scavenging and spasmolytic activities. No haemagglutination activity was shown by the crude methanolic extract and various fractions of the plant. The oils of the plant possessed moderate brine shrimp lethality and low phytotoxic activities but did not show antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal activities.