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A MONOGRAPE ON TEE DESMIDS OF PAKTS TA N
(DBDA'TTETT CD DCIAN.V, 1980) EAZLI MALIE SARIM; Supervisor By: Prof. Dr. M. A. F. Afridi
Otr. bhth.d dil .{Gtt rou t.r. berolgrlA to 28 g6.ra ot d.<la !4t. ncr tloluil.il b tbl. F!k. uo.t ot tha a6 tr€r !.@td. lot !.k1!t4. Dl.€aoltlc chalactd5 ol tJ!€ tellt.. eit th. as.!. hav. b.@ gtYo. XqE d€ ,e?lil.il to! 611 th. t.b llohlt.d h ibl. rt{r$r! Cbd6 1uc1il. d!.rl!a. ad llotoBtorotf.pbsol e.t ot tb. i4 .!q elvd a&asrlth ih. ai.!ro.... lbo a.!*6 arols {1tn tb€ |Mb.! ot tel6.!. lglegjlre (11), gI4434!4 (21), .g!4gs (22),4!I!eb4$ (19), S.lrCSr€Ep (11), clsarri$slr4 (9), EBllrs (?)' la!!re-lr!ss! (t)' s+d&..o! (1), &lsljls (3), &g!ss!cg (2), grll4gEs- .sg!.c (2), !.9IESE (2), Lslrs (?),1&&.3&se (2), Slas-Ese (2), Segll&gllr (2), !g!!aglr3 (1), &9Ms9 (1), llllasrls (1), !&E9-!$qlr (l), I!!s!3lqts! (i), &!E!!!. (l), fE$rb.9& (1), !re*e-E@a (1)' qtrlP- &!!s (t), .Qe!s!r4!s! (t)' .!d 9!q9!4ssr (1). In .Il,4CXt !-t,I.! @!i.hhA n.&tll! tu @Llct.il fiq .tl, ot.a ih. outtt. 1!L. @!. trd.lJ
Studies on Some Soil Algae of North West Frontier Province Pakistan
(DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, 1981) Ghazala Anjum; Supervisor By: Dr. M.A.F. Faridi
The author is extremely obliged to her Major Professor Dr. M.A.F. Faridi, for suggesting the problem, guidance, valuable suggestions, eriti ms and encouragment during the course ofthis investigation, on I am thankful to Dr. Ihsan Ilahi, Dr. S.M.Chaghtai and Dr. M. Said, members of the supervisory committee, for their help and suggestions during this study. Special thanks are due to Dr. Farrukh Hussain, Assistant Professor of Botany, University of Baluchistan, Quetta, for his sincere help, valuable suggestions, critims and for going through the sub-final manuscript.
Studies on Tissue Culture of RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA (L.) BENTH. EX KURZ
(Department of Botany, 1983) Mehmood Akram; Supervisor By: Dr. Ihsan Ilahi
'rh6 pultos€ of these inv.ttigttions E! io 4ltivat€ nat'olfia ..rP.nfin4 .c811!-s tis!u. .nit to regultle dilferentittion tot ln aitta pfopag.tio. L€af, .iem anil root exPlants of R. ..tpeariaaBt. cutilred on llurarhige snd stoog'! (1962)? vnit'rg .odifi€d (noot cultur€) and Abou'M'ndour (197t) n'ili!' {it\ th' 3upplenentation o{ cocotut r t, ct3€in hvdrolv3'te, vea5t extttct d3 orsanic nuttients and diffolcnt concentratione 6f various Dlant grouth reSulrtors as 2,4_Dr NAA? IM, ABA, Kn, BAP' 2iP .nd adenine sulphato for ca11u3 folnation ^nd ct11u3 culrure '
Studies on the Weeds of Important Cereal Crops of NWFP Pakistan
(DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, 1984) Khan Bahadar Marwat; Supervisor By: Prof. Dr. M.A.F Faridi
I d. . slE iel dont of Esttltrdo to I4Y d!qF166r dd najor Forsls rb. !L/l.F. raddl td surjardtttc thc 'lobld 5d lncdJsrtt!ff !!ry t!P!@oo.nta ,!d ct tlficttloB tn tlro lrtEfali@ ot tlt6 r@acd!t. lt &thd b oul€.d to .i. ldblbrFiisb4t It!. fiobe.il s..id ,oit Dlt obatil. l6Jsr 4&.!! ol tho autE!!'l6ot? c@itt .t tor th.b h.l? ed .usA.BJlon. d!!l!A tbo coa6e ot tn a. l4.Btlgallot . &d&! a& duo to D!. ..rL,rr. xaa.'r llrtclr^l .lolonttflo oillc.r !C$A Libos.t"o!i!6r lbsbdd (Dd li&€e laf@dt5t l! iloB.dtAo. !6aLla)r ald {-!ot. ;t. 5.I. /iU &d i*t. r. iitslir oaUto!6 !trola ot |dLlrt&r f@ F @ldtt{r lle,lIatlo IIt6Ettr d, t@ th. fF€ !406.! to lrhott holbala at ib.lrArGr (sFal|4 .!a &16abad erp.ctl6rt.
Taxonomy of predatory mites of the Family phytosehdae (Acari) of Peshawar region. by Mohammad Shahid
(Department Of Zoology, University Of Peshawar, 1984-04) Mohammad Shahid; Supervised by Dr. M. Nasim Siddiqi
Mites of the Family Phytoseiidae (Acari) were collected from different host plants and localities in Peshawar, Mardan, Dargai, Mingora, Dir and Chitral. They were mounted on microscopic slides in Hoyer's medium. Identification was done with the help of keys of Chaudhri (1974 and 1979) and by comparison with descriptions and the type specimen. In all, 19 species belonging to 4 genera were recorded. The species were described, and drawings of the important diagnostic characters were made with ocular grid. Tables for comparison of characters of species in each genus were prepared and from these phylograms were constructed. The species recorded in this work are (1) Gnorimus tabella Chaudhri (2) Phytoseius lynn, new species (3) Phytoseius flagrum, new species (4) Phytoseius hornus, new species (5) Amblydromella termon, new species (6) Amblydromella zerena, new species (7) Amblydromella canaster, new species (8) Amblydromella chashmaensis, new species (9) Amblydromella kalashiensis, new species (10) Amblydromella mardanensis, new species (11) Amblyseius bakhti, new species (12) Amblyseius uvidus, new species (13) Amblyseius balios, new species (14) Amblyseius darghaiensis, new species (15) Amblyseius emotus, new species (16) Amblyseius inculatus, new species (17) Amblyseius latro, new species (18) Amblyseius nidus, new species (19) Amblyseius opimia, new species.The type specimens (Holotypes) have been deposited in the Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar. I am highly indebted to Dr.M.Nasim Siddiqi, Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar for the selection of problem, the overall technical guidance and the constructive criticism all of which have resulted in the present work.I also thank Dr.L.Bano, Associate Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar and Dr. M.Ali Shah, Associate Professor, Department of Entomology, N.W.F.P. Agricultural University for working as members of the supervisory Committee and for their help and guidance.The help of Dr.Wali Mohammad Chaudhri, Director, Acarology Research Laboratory, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad in determination and confirmation of species, loan of literature and the type specimens without which this work was impossible, is gratefully acknowledged.Sincere thanks are also due to the Chairman, Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar for admitting and tolerating me a grey bearded student in his Department.Finally I wish to extend my sincere appreciation to all the staff members of the Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, my colleagues at the Department and the N.W.F.P. Agricultural University, Peshawar and all of my friends for their cooperation.
Ecological Studies on the ALGAE of ERODED Soils
(Department of Botany, 1985) Syed Zahir Shah; Supervisor By: Prof. Dr. M.A.F Afridi
51x st a.
Settlement Pathern in Swat Valley
(INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY, URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING, 1985) Usman Ali; Supervisor By: Prof. Dr. Mohammad Aslam Khan
The Effects of Saline Conditions on Growth, Productivity, Oil Content and Composition of Sunflower
(DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, 1986) Mustajab Khan; Supervisor By: Dr. Ihsan Ilahi
1lr. .uthor r{.h.. to .rDr... rrl. .pp..clrtlo! ahd atatltud. tor h. In.d I'.,|t' Pei..@r of aotat' urie...tty ot P..h.nr' for €ddac. ad \ thru6trout th.l. .audy ud th. 9r.pr!at1or ot tht. odu.cdpt.
Population Redistribution in Pakistan
(Department of Geography, Applied Geography, Urban and Regional Planning, 1987) Nasreen Aslam Khan; Supervisor By: Mr. Israr-ud-Din
I wish to express my thanks to my thesis adviser Mr. Israr-ud-Din, Chairman, Department of Geography, University of Peshawar, for his Supervision, guidence and personal encouragement at all times. I am also grateful to the members of my supervisory committee Dr. Mohammad Said, Dean, Faculty of Science, and Mr. Mohammad Yaqub Alizai, Associate Professor, of the same department for being helpful in many ways. Special acknowledgements must be made to Professor Paul D. Simkins, Professor Allan Rodger and Professor Anthony V. Williams of the Pennsylvania State University, U.S.A. for their guidance in carrying out the quantitative analysis and computing work discussed in chapter-6 of this thesis. Dr. Mohammad Iqbal, Chairman, Department of Statistics, University of Peshawar also assisted in this work through very valuable suggestions.
HELMINTHIASIS IN GOATS AND SHEEP OF PESHAWAR WITH SPECIAL REFERANCE TO THEIR (TAXONOMY, INCIDENCE WORM BURDEN AND SEASONAL VARIATION )
(Department Of Zoology, University Of Peshawar, 1990) Shamim Rayaz M. Sc; Supervisor Dr. M. Nasim Siddiqi
A detailed study of Helminths of sheep and goats was undertaken with emphasis on taxonomy, incidence, seasonal variation, and worm burden. This work was carried out for two years i.e. from December 1978 to November, 1980. Gastro-intestinal tracts of 203 sheep and 202 goats were examined during 24 months. Extra lungs and liver of 208 sheep and 190 goats were also examined.This study showed that helminthiasis is quite common in N.W.F.P. 94.08% of sheep and 91.58% of goats carried one or more helminthic infection. In case of extra lungs and liver examined helminthic infection was 80.28% in sheep and 79.47% in goats.Species of nematodes recorded from sheep in two years alongwith their percentage infection were Haemoncus contortus (74.38%), Dictyocaulus filaria (13.79%), Pneumocaulus kadenazii (6.90%), Trichuris parvispiculum (66.01%), T. globulosa (38.42%), T. lani (28.08), Oesophagostomum asperum (4.43%), O. columbianum (44.83%), O. venulosum (8.37%), Chabertia ovina (3.94%) & Bunostomum trigonocephalum (2.46%). Cestodes from sheep were represented by Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid cyst) 3.45%, Cysticercus tenuicollis (larval form) (16.75%), Moniezia (B) benedeni (6.90%), M. expansa (4.43%), Avitellina centripunctata (6.89%), Stilesia vittata (11.82%).Five species of trematodes were found in sheep Fasciola hepatica (30.54%), Dicrocoelium lanceolatum (1.97%), Cotylophoron ovatum (3.45%), Paramphistomum (E) explanatum (2.96%) & Gastrothylax crumenifer (6.40%).Helminth parasites recorded from extra lungs and liver of sheep were Dictyocaulus filaria (23.92%), and Pneumocaulus kadenazii (5.75%) from lungs, Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid cyst) (10.53%) and Cysticercus tenuicollis (2.88%) were recovered from lungs as well as from the liver. Dicrocoelium lanceolatum (0.96%) Fasciola hepatica (70.19%) and Cotylophoron ovatum (0.47%) were also found in the extra liver of sheep.Species of Nematodes recorded from goats along with their percentage of infection were : Haemoncus contortus (63.36%) Dictyocaulus filaria (8.91%), Pneumocaulus kadenazii (2.48%), Skrjabinema ovis (2.90%), Oesophagostomum asperum (1.90%), O. columbianum (43.56%), O. brevicaudum (0.50%), O. venulosum (10.89%), Chabertia ovina (3.96%), Trichuris indica (0.49%), T. globulosa (41.09), T. lani (28.71%) and T. parvispiculum (64.36%).Cestodes recorded from goats were: Moniezia (B) benedeni (6.93%), M. expansa (4.45%), Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid cyst, 4.90%), Cysticercus tenuicollis (17.33%), Avitellina centripunctata (7.43%) and Stilesia vittata (10.89%).Trematodes in goats were represented by Fasciola hepatica (26.74%), Dicrocoelium lanceolatum (1.4%), Paramphistomum (E) explanatum (2.48%), Gastrothylax crumenifer (6.93%), Cotylophoron ovatum (5.45%), Watsonius capri sp nov. (0.50%).Extra lungs and liver examined from goats carried Fasciola hepatica (70.00%), Dicrocoelium lanceolatum (0.53%), Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid cyst, 14.21%), Cysticercus tenuicollis (2.11%), Dictyocaulus filaria (21.58%) and Pneumocaulus kadenazii (4.27%).The present survey also established some new host records Pneumocaulus kadenazii, T. lani and Watsonius capri sp.nov., have been reported for the first time from sheep and goats.
The Genesis of the Quaternary Deposits Of The Vale of Peshawar, South of Kabul River
(INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY, URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING, 1990) Inam Ullah Khan; Supervisor Dr. M. Majid
1 express my sincere thanks to my supervisor Dr. M. Said, Professor and Chairman, Department of Geography, University of Peshawar, who supervised the present study and helped in its completion. Not only he assisted me conceptually, but also provided me his expertise in the field and laboratory for interpretation of data and various phenomena recorded in the stratigraphic sections. ladeed, he always remained a source of inspiration at every stage of work. { had the privilege of co-operation and help from a number of persons,
ECOLOGY OF MURREE VOLE, HYPERACRIUS WYNNEI BLANDFORD, IN GALLIAT, HAZARA, PAKISTAN
(Department Of Zoology, University Of Peshawar, 1991-03) Mohammad Arshad; Supervisor Dr. M. Nasim Siddiqui
Ecology of the Murree vole, Hyper acrius wynnei, was studied in Galliat from 1985 to 1989. Being entirely fossorial the head is massive with short neck. Body is thick and cylindrical with short tail, small ears and small but strong fore-legs. Eyes are tiny with limitted vision. Variability in body weight, body length and tail length was more or less remained the same throughout the study period. The Murree vole was well distributed in Galliat and was found from 1830-3050 m elevation, being quite abundant in the grass, cultivated and abandoned fields. Soil texture, depth of the top soil, grass, topography and presence of rocks influenced its spatial distribution. Distribution of the vole corresponded roughly with silver fir. It lived in colonies and excavated an extensive system of shallow galleries spreading over more than 400 m² . The burrow system served for shelter, protection from enemies, as a means of obtaining food and as a place to rear young ones. The burrowing activities were related to rainfall. The Murree vole is a generalist feeder; fragments of 22 species of herbs and one of shrub were identified from its stomach contents. During winter it mainly fed on the bark of the shrubs. Tall plants were preferred over small ones. The Murree vole did not hibernate and bred throughout the year, the pregnancy rate being low (36.65%). Significantly high and low pregnancy rate was found in September-October and November-December samples of 1985 respectively. Litter size was small (1-4), usually 1-2, and during November-December, all the females had only one embryo. Prenatal mortality was very low (5.34%). There was no change in the mean testes length in different seasons.In adults, sex ratios did not deviate from normal sex ratio (1:1). The juvenile showed imbalanced sex ratios skewed towards males, suggesting more mortality of young males during development. The major portion of the populations comprised of juveniles (28.4%). There was no significant seasonal difference in the mean body weight. One species of nematode and one species of pentastomids were recorded. Fleas and mites were quite common in monsoon season. The only apparent serious predator was domestic cat. The Murree vole is a pest of maize, potatoes and apple trees. About 4.0% of maize plants were damaged by the vole, while damage to potato crops was 6.8%. It fed on the bark of the apple tree and destroyed about 6.0% of the trees.
Ecological Studies on Ambela Pass Buner NWFP Pakistan
(Department of Botany, 1992) Syed Sardar Hussain Shah; Supervisor By: Dr. S.M. Chaghtai
The Comparative Effect of Mutagen on Some Genetic Parameters of Soybean (Glycine Max (L) Merril)
(Department of Botany, 1992) Mrs Shoukat Islam Khan; Supervisor By: Dr. S.M. Sarim
I am thankful to hy dviBor Dr. F.M. sarin, got.ny Oopit. Univ€.sity of P€3hartr and Co-advisor Dr. Sa.€d-ul- N.saan, Deptt. ol Plant Br.€ding and c€netica NttFP Aarjcullural Univ6reity P€€h.r.r for th€ir valurbl€ 6ug9€atjons! k6€n int6...i, constructivs criticj.n, ahd €hoour.s6n€n! lhroughout my rosoarch work.
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OT BENSONIES JACQTIEMONTI (MARTENS 1869)
(Department Of Zoology, University Of Peshawar, 1992-12) Rehana Parveen Aurangzeb M.Sc, M. Phill (Pesh); Supervised by Dr. Mohammad Nasim Siddiqi
Bensonies jacquemonti is a medium sized terrestrial pulmonate snail which is commonly available at the campus of University of Peshawar, N.W.F.P., Pakistan. A detailed study of the reproductive activity, anatomy, histology and function of the different parts of the reproductive tract is worked out. There are two breeding seasons and theseare related to seasonal rainfall, temperature and humidity. The genital organs retain the basic pattern of stylommatophores. Different portions of reproductive tract assist in different processes of reproduction e.g. male tract helps in sperm movement in two ways, one, upward movement of home sperms to reach penial complex and second; downward movement of foreign sperms from bursa to reach fertilization pocket. Penial complex forms the spermatophore. The female tract secretes different nutritive and protective coverings for the egg. The dart stimulates the excitement for the copulation. Formation of spermatophore, role of bursa copulatrix, and mating behavior are observed. Premating behavior is very intricate and follows a complex courtship. Eggs are laid in egg chamber dug inside the soil. Developmental embryology from oviposition to hatching takes place 15-21 days, depending upon the temperature. In cold weather the incubation period is 18-21 while in summer it is 14-15 days. Post embryonic growth till maturity have been worked out.The effect of neurosecretory hormones on reproduction is demonstrated; it shows relation with cell differentiation. Optic tentacular hormone assists male sex cells while ablation of optic tentacles promotes oogenesis. During unfavourable condition they undergo dormancy, the process of under going dormancy and re-activation from dormancy has been observed to be the direct effect of the external factors.
THE PLEISTOCENE GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE SOUTH-EASTERN PART OF THE PESHAWAR VALE
(DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY, 1995) MANMOOD-UL-HASAN; Supervisor By: Dr. Majid
My profound thanks are due to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. M. Said, Dean Faculty of Science, who supervised the present work. Without his help and valuable advice, this study would have not seen the light of day. My thanks are also due to Prof. Israruddin, Prof. M. Yaqoob Alizai, Prof. Dr. Majid and Mrs. Parveen Daud Kamal for their help, and assistance in several different ways. Their advice and persuation was a source of encouragement and inspiration, when at times, I had lost all hopes of overcoming the obstacles during the course of this study. Laboratory work for the study was carried out at the Institute of Quaternary Research, University of Stockholm, Sweden. A number of persons helped in the analysis of sediments in Stockholm. I am particularly indebted to F.L. Lars Brunnberg, F.K. Jan Risberg and Britta Hornstrom, who helped me in different ways during the analysis. The financial support was received from the Swedish Institute, Stockholm.
Biological and Taxonomic Studies of Larvae and Pupae of Simuliidae of NWFP (Pakistan)
(Department Of Zoology, 1995-11) Abdul Hamid Jan M. Phill; Supervisor Dr. Prof. Pirzada Muhammad Saleem
During a survey of larvae and pupae of the black flies of N.W.F.P., conducted from November 1992 to October Resta total of 36 species were recorded from 50 sites. The collection was made from 11 districts and one Agency i.e., Abbottabad, Bannu, Chitral, Charsadda, Dir, Kohat, Mansehra, Mardan, Peshawar, Swabi, Swat and Malakand Agency of North West Frontier Province (Pakistan). The study included Taxonomy and Ecology of preimaginal stages considering, breeding preferences, substratum preferences, physical parameters of water bodies like water temperature (10-36°C), speed (31-89 cm/sec.), transparency (20-40cm), depth (14-55cm), breeding altitude (285-2800 m), humidity (10-80%) and rainfall (4-100 mn), and chemical parameters like PH (5.7-7.5), NH;-N (.03-.089 ug/cm*), Co; (.199-.9 mn/L), HCo; (.108-.79 mm/L), Cl (0.061- 0.401 mm/L) and Ca** (1.1-3.9 mm/L) . The species recorded in this work are 1. Boophthora erythrocephala, 2. B. sericata, 3. Eusimulium aureum, 4. E. bicorn, 5. E. diriense sp.n., 6. E. fontinale, 7. £. agvilletense alizadei, 8. E. ge avilletense, 9. E. inflatum, 10. E. lepnevae, 11. E. malakandiense sp.n., 12. E. montium, 13. E. planiparun, 14. E. pygmaeum, 15. Obuchovia albella, 16. 0. chitraliense sp-n., 17. Simulium aureohirtum, 18. s. austeni, 19. s. kohatiense sp.n., 20. S. kurense, 21. S. moristan, 22. s. multistriatum, 23. S. puri sp.n., 24. S. remotum, 25. s. Swatiense sp.n., 26. S. tumolusum, 27. Ss. worsakiense SPp-n., 28. S. xanthogastrum, 29. Wilhelmia e. equina, 30. W. lineata, 31. W. mayariense sp.n., 32. W. mediterranea, 33. W. paraequina, 34. W. salopiensis, 35. W. turgaica, 36. W. veltistshevi. The type of the specimens (Holotypes) have been deposited in the department of Zoology, University of Peshawar. The larvae and pupae were collected attached to submerged vegetation like Typha, Potomogeton, Echinochloa, Hydrella and Cynodon, roots of terrestrial tree, white plastic, sticks, solid rocks, loose rocks or bolders small stone and dead leaves from different water bodies like slow muddy irrigntionai channel, swift rocky irrigational channel, slow muddy stream, swift rocky or muddy stream, sandy or muddy slow river, swift rocky larg rivers, small and large water fall, and rocky hill spring water.
Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Studies of HEDERA HELIX L. (HEDERA NEPALENSIS K. KOCH)
(DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, 1998) Muhammad Ibrar; Supervisor By: Prof. Dr- Ihsan
I E imensely indebted to ry superisor, D!. Ih3an Ilahi,_ Plofeseor of Botany and Dean Faculty of sciences, Onj,vefslty of Peshaka!, fo! his inspired supesiston, guldance conatant help and encoulaqefrent thloughout the coulse of my study. r 3hal1 eve! lemenbe! hi6 klnd coop€iation, slncele and valuable criticisn and booEtlng up ny nolaf duling ny lelearch. ACXNqWLTDqmll!A t.b.r1 be failinq in ny duty if r doD't place o! recold ny heart fulf qlatitud€ in lespect of ey co-eupe!v13o! Dr. Farlu*n Hussain , Plofesso!/chaiman Departhent of Botany, for plovidlnE all posslble research tacttitleg, ritelatu.e and valuable eugge5tlons, and plovidlng €van hls persoral chdicals.
Ecological Evaluation of Some Rangeland Plants of Harboi Hills, Kalat, Balochistan
(DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,, 2000) Mufakhirah Jan Durrani; Supervisor By: Professor Dr. Farrukh Hussain
Every praise is due to the Almighty Allah, the merciful and His Holy Prophet (Peace be Upon him), who is for ever a torch of guidance and knowledge for humanity as a whole. This work has been done with prodigious efforts and patient prodding of my Research Supervisor Professor Dr. Farrukh Hussain, Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, who helped me with his keen interest to sharpen my focus time and again as the research progressed. I am extremely grateful for his inspiring guidance and moral support. Mysincere thanksare due to Professor Dr. Ihsan Ilahi, Dean Science Faculty, University of Peshawarforcritically going through the sub-final draft and for giving many valuable suggestions without which this thesis would have not beenin its present form. I am obliged toall faculty members, Department of Botany, who provided me with both encouragementand full cooperation.
Biodiversity and Ethnobotanical Study of Vascular Plant in Mankial Valley, Hindukush Range, Pakistan
(Deprtment of Botany, 2002) Asad Ullah; Supervisor By: Porf. Dr. Adbur Rashid
All GIory is io Allrb rh. c@td of .ll c@tuFs ed His prcpher MulMrad (PBUID wno is aorcvd a toEh ofgujde@ dd knowlcdge for hMofty a a whore. All rhdl6 io Alnighty AllaL the nost bcncfienr ald h.rcitul, rhc c@ror of lhe wlol€ Univdse, Wlo suely h6 the pow ed ab.otur. corr.ol ova wcrr,lhing. .who b6loved upon us the facdties io obwc, dil}, jud8c, dccidc ed acr. By his ncrcy r wa abr. ro @nplet€ ihis di$endion. Though ii ws hiBhly iough job io conplere rhis dissillion but it belec possible pirh lhe prdyen of my paGnti, icachcs dd kl1 wishcrs

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