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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ETHNIC SELF-DISCREPANCY IN AFGHAN REFUGEES AND NATIVE PUKHTOONSIN NWEP
(Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 2004) Muharmad Jahan Zeb Khan
The purpose of the research was to find out ethnic self-discrepancy among Pukhtoon Afghan refugees and native Pukhtoon population in NWFP. Besides determining differences in Pukhtoons’ Ideal and Real selves, the dynamics of interpersonal relationships between the two stated populations were also explored. The study was carried out into two phases viz., Preliminary Study and Main Study. In the preliminary phase, an Adjectives Checklist in Pukhto(PACL) was constructed for use in the second phase of the study. Keeping in view the Ideal and Real Pukhtoon character, adjectives were generated and evaluated by a team of experts. Out of the original pool of 182 adjectives, only 66 survived the process of qualitative evaluation by the experts. After calculating item-total correlations and factor analysis on a sample of 200 Pukhtoon students, 53 items were retained. The items were grouped under 8 factors, extracted after Varimax rotation. Values of reliability and validity were recorded to be significant at high levels. The Main Study was carried out to find out the ethnic self-discrepancy and ethnic self-concept of Pukhtoons on both sides of the Durand line. A sample of 200 Pukhtoons, including Afghan refugees and native Pukhtoons, was selected. Pakistani sample was the matched group of Afghani sample. PACL was used as an instrument for data collection. Self-discrepancy was found to be significant on Full scale as well as on subscales level (p< .0001) as a whole and for both males and females separately. Discrepancy was also found to exist at high level of significance for both Afghani and Pakistani Pukhtoons’ samples. High discrepancy group shows low ethnic self-concept as compared to Low discrepancy group in both of the samples. In case of Pakistani sample, both in High and Low discrepancy groups, self-perception was significantly higher as compared to their perception of Afghani Pukhtoons on PACL. Adjectives with high mean scores have been found to be confirming the literary and stereotypic concept of Pukhtoons in the contemporary Pukhtoon society.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Wheat Production and Balances Its Demand and Supply Problems and Remedial Measures (A Case Study of Pakistan)
(Department of Economics, University of Peshawar. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 1999) Mohammad Naeem; Supervised by Prof Abdus Samad (Director, Center of Applied Economics Studies)
Wheat is a universally cultivated and produced staple food item of commonuse. In Pakistan, it is being used regularly. Its extensive and constant use has made people habitual ofit and they cannot evenbearits partial shortage or scarcity. The purpose of the present study is to remove suchtransitory shortages between consumption (demand) and production (supply) to bridge the gap between them throughefficient wheat policy. Consumption (demand) of wheat depends highly on population growth and changes in per capita income of the country. Population of Pakistan is increasing at a higher rate (2.7 percent), which is creating pressure on the cultivated land and thus adversely affecting production of wheat. Moreover, the per capita incomeis increasing at a rate of 11.9 percent which is raising the aggregate demand for better quality of wheat. Thus, a gap is created between demand and supply of wheat whichis further widening with the passage of time. This problem can be solved throughefficient government policies, which will bring self-sufficiency of wheat to the economy and may even lead towards exportation of wheat and earn foreign exchange in import substitution. Self-sufficiency in food grain productionis the national goal. Pakistan enjoys a comparative advantage in wheat production, therefore, the self-sufficiency goal is theoretically valid. The essence of the findings of the present studyis that the irrigation induced technological changes would accelerate the growth of wheat production, resulting in a gain of economic efficiency and achieving self sufficiency. The key success to increase wheat production lies in rapid adoption of technology. The diffusion of biochemical technology (HYV, fertilisers pesticides, etc) is a more appropriate path towards technological progress than alternative labour saving mechanisation (labour — intensive and capital intensive techniques). Production (supply) of wheat depends onthe total land availability for the crop, irrigation facilities, climatic conditions and market price of wheat. Wheat is sown in the month of November-December, where in rain fed areas, we receive verylittle rain and which alwaysbrings a bad harvest. It is an exceptional case in Baluchistan and N.W.F.P. but bumper cropping in Punjab and Sindh have irrigation facilities. Effort has been madeinthis study to achieve an equilibrium between demand and supply of wheat. For this, data has mainly been obtained and used from government published agricultural bulletins, economic surveys, etc. Moreover a little primary data has also been used for the derivation of Cobb-Douglas production function and Marginal Physical Product of labour. A very useful Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model has been used in this study which has forecasted wheat production upto 2010 (13 years ahead). This will help the planners and concerned agencies in time importation of wheat. The findings of the study are that both irrigation and technology would play the leading role in the growthof future wheat production. The government will also have to change its wheat policies in light of the new development. Specially it has to eliminate subsidies and checkits role in the price formation. Finally if the recommendations ofthe study are adopted, Pakistan will not only become self-sufficient in wheat production but may emerge as wheat exporting country also.
A Critical Study of the Project Appraisal Management and Control System in Pakistan: An Exercise in Evaluation
(Department of Economics, University of Peshawar. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 1989) Saiyeda Zia Al-Jalaly; Supervised by Main M. Nazeer
In common with most developing countries, the history of planned development in Pakistan is replete with flopped projects, projects that don not see themselves to completion within the stated time and cost, or projects which do not fulfil their avowed objectives. Even otherwise well conceived projects face difficulties at the implementation on other related stages. Worse Still, the project cycle system has neither been examined nor regarded in its totality as an integrated system. This study is an in-depth analysis and evaluation of the project appraisal, management, and control system in Pakistan. The approach taken is an integrated one where, despite the emphasis on the ex-ante appraisal and implementation stages, the entire project cycle in Pakistan has been examined in order to the able to link the stages and study the problems of omission and commission which emerge at the implamentation stage. The study is, however, confined to the public sector projects which need to pass through the well laid out procedures. Being a study in the evaluation of a system, it has involved quantitative as well as qualitative examinations. These examinations range from a review of the theoretical aspects of the project cycle and its stages as well as the techniques used at various stages, to the progression of the project cycle in Pakistan, and eventually to an evaluation of the system and recommendations to improve the system. The theoretical sections are based on an extensive review of literature followed by use of secondary data based on government publications, supplemented by intervious and discussions with experts involved at various levels of planning and stages of the cycle. The main findings of the study centre around the inadequacies in the structure of PC-1, cost and time overruns, data gaps, motivation and training of personnel, lack of coordination, absence of contingency planning, lack of appropriate apprasal parameters, problems relating to project selection criteria and procedures, lack of staff, absence of an institutional link between appraisal wing and monitoring team. Findings relating to the approval and implementation stages of projects relate to the distortions arising out of anticipatory approvals, breaking of projects into smaller components to avoid higher echelons of approval and appraisal, problems arising out of the discrepancies between the need and availability of resources, a total absence fo any input or tiem plans leading to raw material constraints, delays in the provisions of essential services and physical infrastructure, problems arising out of the bases of award of contracts and selection of sites, lack of inter-agency coordination and communication and lack of a modern progress monitoring system. Findings in the field of project montoring/control centre inter alia around lack of processing of the information collected, too much information requested, jtoo frequently, and no sifting of information by level of importance, lack of trained personnel to undertake montoring; absence of an institutional monitoring set-up to handle un-anticipated problems; absence of forward and backward flow of information and decisions through an established channel. The study comprises six chapters- the first four laying out the system as it is, the fifth is devoted to an evaluation of the system, while the sixth contains the main conclusions and policy recommendations.
A CROSS- CULTURAL STUDY OF CHILD REARING PRACTICES AND THEIR EFFECT ON PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT.
(Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar, 1991-04) NASEEM R. SAHIBZADA Supervised by (Dr. Mrs. Mah Nazir Riaz)
The main purpose of the present study was to find out the major difference in child rearing techniques, used by Pakistani and Kenyan mothersandtoexplore their effects on personality development. For this purpose, a total of 161 families were randomly drawn from a population of Peshawar (Pakistan) and Nairobi (Kenya). From each family, a mother and one child were included in the sample. The study was carried in two parts. In part A, the main difference in child rearing techniques were studied and an unstructered questionnaire on mothers, was administered. Part B explored the effects of child rearing techniques on personality dimensions. Here CAT was administered on their children. The results revealed that Kenyan mothers prefered breast feeding more as compared to Pakistani mothers (P<.01). Bottle feeding, on the other hand, was less preferred by Kenyan mothers as compared to Pakistani mothers cP<.01). In both the cultural groups, a higher percentage of mothers belonging to joint family system preferred bottle feeding in contrast to the nucleus family system (P<0.1). The data further revealed that a high percentage of Pakistani mothers wean and toilet train their children earlier (P<.01), as compared to Kenyan mothers. Moreover, mothers belonging to the higher income groups in Pakistan as well as Kenya, toilet train their children earlier as compared to lower income group (P<.01). In the case of punishment, as a mode of discipline, a higher percentage of Pakistani mothers punish their children for misbehaviour, as compared to Kenyan mothers (P<.05). In joint family system, mothers of both the cultural groups, reward their children for good behaviour more, in contrast to nucleus family system (P<.05). The results also revealed that mothers from both the cultures, belonging to higher income groups, reward good school work more as compared to lower to lower income groups (P<.05). The results of Part B revealed that independance was highly related to bottle feeding (P<.01) whereas, breast feeding shows no such relationship. Furthermore, the sex of the child shows a significant relationship with aggressive behaviour (P<.05). Thus, a high percentage of boys, of both the cultural, groups exhibit aggressive behaviour more frequently as compared to girls.
A CROSS- CULTURAL STUDY OF CHILD REARING PRACTICES AND THEIR EFFECT ON PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT.
(Department of Pyschology, University of Peshawar, 1991-04) NASEEM R. SAHIBZADA
The main purpose of the present study was to find out the major difference in child rearing techniques, used by Pakistani and Kenyan mothersandtoexplore their effects on personality development. For this purpose, a total of 161 families were randomly drawn from a population of Peshawar (Pakistan) and Nairobi (Kenya). From each family, a mother and one child were included in the sample. The study was carried in two parts. In part A, the main difference in child rearing techniques were studied and an unstructered questionnaire on mothers, was administered. Part B explored the effects of child rearing techniques on personality dimensions. Here CAT was administered on their children. The results revealed that Kenyan mothers prefered breast feeding more as compared to Pakistani mothers (P<.01). Bottle feeding, on the other hand, was less preferred by Kenyan mothers as compared to Pakistani mothers cP<.01). In both the cultural groups, a higher percentage of mothers belonging to joint family system preferred bottle feeding in contrast to the nucleus family system (P<0.1). The data further revealed that a high percentage of Pakistani mothers wean and toilet train their children earlier (P<.01), as compared to Kenyan mothers. Moreover, mothers belonging to the higher income groups in Pakistan as well as Kenya, toilet train their children earlier as compared to lower income group (P<.01). In the case of punishment, as a mode of discipline, a higher percentage of Pakistani mothers punish their children for misbehaviour, as compared to Kenyan mothers (P<.05). In joint family system, mothers of both the cultural groups, reward their children for good behaviour more, in contrast to nucleus family system (P<.05). The results also revealed that mothers from both the cultures, belonging to higher income groups, reward good school work more as compared to lower to lower income groups (P<.05). The results of Part B revealed that independance was highly related to bottle feeding (P<.01) whereas, breast feeding shows no such relationship. Furthermore, the sex of the child shows a significant relationship with aggressive behaviour (P<.05). Thus, a high percentage of boys, of both the cultural, groups exhibit aggressive behaviour more frequently as compared to girls.
A study of Distinction Between Intelligence and Creativity and Some of Their Correlates Amonga Group of Pakistani Children
(Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar, 1978) Mahnazir Riaz
A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND FAMILY
(Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar, 1989-10) RAAT WAZ Supervised By: Dr. S. Zulfigqar Gilani
The present research was designed to study the relationship of individual psychopathology and the family. For this purpose psychotic and neurotic patients were selected from the psychiatry wards of Lady Reading and Khyber Teaching Hospitals. Their families were approached and those families were kept in the sample which agreed to co-operate. An equal number of families were selected who did not have a neurotic or psychotic member. Different psychological tests were administered to each member of the family in every category. The purpose of these tests was to assess the mental health, adjustment of a person in the family and the ego-strength of each family member. The aim was to see the effects of a disturbed person on other members of the family and the contribution of the family, if any, in the disturbance of such a member. The results indicate that the Presence of at disturbed member in the family effects others; the disturbance in the parental relationship effects the Psychological condition of the children. Comparison of the different categories of families revealed no Significant difference on two of the tests. On Family Adjustment Test there was ® significant difference between different groups.
A STUDY OF THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF FAITH AND MENTORS IN MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
(Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar, 1986-05) SYEDA Farhana Jahangir; Dr.S. Zulfiqar Gilani
The present research was designed to study the therepeutic effects of faith and religious mentors in mental health problems. For this purpose number of different religious mentors were approached. They helped in the selection and contact with the subjects who once suffered from psychological problems and received faith therapy. It was also ascertained that these subjects did not receive any other kind of therepeutic treatment. The information regarding the nature of psychological disturbance, severity of the problem and duration of faith therapy was collected and cross checked by interviewing the subjects and their families. On the basis of this information every, subject's case history was prepared. The symptoms shown at the time of distrubance were taken from their case histories and diagnosed with the help of DSM-III. It was noticed that the majority of the subjects included in the present study were severly disturbed and their psychopathology bordered on the psychotic or was clearly psychotic. At the time of this research five different objective and standardzed tests were adminstered to every subject individually, to measure psychological health. According to these test results as well as the verbal reports of the subjects, they are all functioning normally at present. The results indicate that people Living in this culture are likely to benifit from faith therapy. An attempt is made to explain these results within the context of our socio-religious culture.
An Analysis of Governmental and Non-Governmental Rural Development Programmes with Particular Focus on Rural Women in NWFP (A Case Study of Three Union Councils in District Peshawar).
(Department of Economics, University of Peshawar. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 2006-07) Shaheen Nigar; Supervised by Prof. Dr. Arbab Ikramullah Khan
The aim ofthe present study was to examine the services of both government and Non-governmental organizations in North West Frontier Province (NWFP) Pakistan. For this purpose Peshawar of the NWFP was taken as a sample district. Govt. organizations are working throughout the province but NGOs existence is erratic. Their sizes and functions also differ widely. For the purpose of comparison a leading NGO namely Sarhad Rural Support Program (SRSP) was selected. The SRSP has launched its activities in different sectors and is actively involved in developmental works in the area. In addition to the secondary data, primary data were also collected. A total of210 females’ respondents were purposively selected. The findings ofthe study show that the people ofthe area are availing/utilizing the services of both the organizations i.e. government and of the NGO. The government organizations are investing more in the social sector while the NGO stress is on skill development. The government, social sector facilities are for the general public irrespective of the economic status while the NGO’s focus is on the poor community. However, both are benefiting the rural masses ofthe area. In so for as the social services are concerned the study finds that various social services provided by the government, are sparsely utilized by the women due to various socio-economic reasons. These include family responsibilities, ignorance and cultural taboos. In the health sector a numberof factors were found to be responsible for its underutilization. On the one hand, the health services were not easily accessible, poorly equipped and the medicine provided were of sub-standard and on the other hand majority ofrural women were poor and they could not afford expenses. In so far as the family planning services are concerned the poor popularity of family planning services was due to ignorance, non availability of required contraceptives and the influence oflocal religious leaders who consider that family planning was against norms ofIslam. Results of study show that NGO (SRSP) programme are more popular and effective among rural women. Women community organizations (WCOs) were established by SRSP and had been successfully working in the sample area. The sample women reported that they had been guided and motivated by SRSPstaff while establishing WCOs. The WCOs introduce those developmentalactivities that directly address the needs of the people. To enhance the income of local women, trainings were imparted in tailoring, embroidery, dyeing, poultry farming, fruit processing, bee keeping and Mushroom cultivation. All these activities insignificantly increase the income of the concerned women. However, the income of the dyeing was higher than that ofthe rest of the stated trainings. These entrepreneurship training encouraged womento start small business. Two levels (Rs. 5000 to 10000 —herein after called level 1- and Rs. 18000 to 20000 herein after called level 2) of credit were provided to communities for this purpose. Thecredits were mostly utilized for the purchase oflivestock and enterprise development. The income effect of level 2 credit wasinsignificantly higher than that of level 1. Similarly the income effect of enterprises was insignificantly higher than that of livestock. The majoreffect ofthe SRSP on gender related economic activities were the contribution of women in total household income. The study showed encouragingresults regarding increase in monthly income of the sample respondents, after the intervention of SRSP. The increase in monthly income of the sample respondents resulted in an increase in spending mainly on education and, health. Financial stability made them more confidents in decision-making. The study also identified the problem of inadequate amountofcredit and lack ofmarketing facilities, the provision of such facilities will ensure rural women’s empowermentand poverty alleviation at grass rootlevel. Some complaints were also registered by the member of the WCO’sregarding the duration of trainings because it was so short especially for the illiterate respondents that they could not take full advantage ofthese courses. It was also observed that at present there is little co-ordination between Government and NGO’s.It needs to be established and strengthened through mutual consultation, regular meetings and collaborationactivities. The study recommends increased coverage, representation of ethnic groups, need oriented approach, relaxed credit packages, strengthening of co-ordination between the line departments, proper monitoring, improvement in community infrastructure etc. Beside this special attention should be given to social sector by providing them adequate funds for building and other physical facilitates, qualified and well trained teaching andhealth personnel and also these services be madeeasily accessible to the rural communities. Marginal success of NGOs working maybe taken cautiously because NGO programmes depend on financing of donor agencies. When donor agencies withdraw hands NGOs programmes are in doldrums
AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING FOREST AREA IN PAKISTAN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NWFP (1972-2000)
(Department of Economics, University of Peshawar. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 2008-01) Naila Nazir; Supervised by Prof. Dr. Ijaz Majid
This study was an attempt to analyze the socio-economic factors affecting forest area in Pakistan. Every year different areas are afforested and regenerated. Policies and programs are prepared to increase the forest area up to national requirements but there is no significant increase in the area rather fast deforestation is taking place. Forest communities play a significant role in the use and depletion of these resources. The study highlighted the assumptions about some macro economic variables, which are generally considered as key socio-economic factors that cause deforestation and depletion of forests and tested the hypothesis in order to show the impact of these factors on forest area in Pakistan. In order to achieve the objectives of the study and to test the hypotheses the followed methodology has two aspects; one, consulting the forest communities in forest rich areas of the province and second, analyzing the macro economic data of different socio economic factors that have impacts on the forest area of the country. For the first aspect two forest rich areas in NWFP; District Abbottabad and District Mansehra have been selected. The socio economic conditions of these areas have been discussed and analyzed. The priorities and practices of forest communities in the use of different resources have been checked. For the second aspect the study analyzed time series data of some of the socio-economic factors of Pakistan for example agriculture production, cultivated area, livestock and human population, the consumption of fuel wood substitutes etc. Taking the forest area of NWFP and forest area of Pakistan as a whole then checked the results of these socio-economic factors. For the analysis multiple regression technique was applied on the time series data from 1972-2000. The results of the econometric models were then compared with the primary information collected from the two districts of NWFP; District Abbottabad and District Mansehra. These results were further analyzed by comparing them with earlier studies conducted in the same field. The results of the primary data showed that most of the firewood and timber is extracted illegally and there is no official record or even a rough estimation of the total quantity illegally extracted. The most responsible figure as mentioned by the locals also includes Forest Department, which is a part of timber mafia. Forest department has no arrangement for forest fires; it is the locals who extinguish it by using local practices. The study area has not received real benefit of gas provision by the government in the country because these facilities are not yet extended to their areas and alternate sources are not enough. Both the study areas are suffering from some problems, which are contributing to deforestation, for example common property, lack of interest and cooperation of Forest Department with locals, lack of follow up of forestry programs especially started by foreign agencies etc. In both the areas there is no increase in animals so livestock population is not the prime threat. Human population has increased but they are either migrating to other areas or opting for service sector. In both the areas people have very little knowledge about government policies and programs. The results of the primary information showed some valuable facts about forest land conversion for other purposes, about Forest Department, the role of government and non-government organizations, about forest fires and about timber mafia in the study area. The results of the regression models obtained from the time series macro economic data showed that some of the socio-economic factors of the country that are generally considered as the most responsible factors for the depletion of forests such as increase in human and livestock population are not the important factors contributing towards deforestation in Pakistan but some others like cultivation, construction, consumption of timber and agriculture production are playing their due role towards deforestation. The study further showed that increase in the consumption of firewood substitutes could not significantly improve the situation. The analysis further showed the extent of effect of different variables on the forest areas. The recommendations of the study have given more emphasis to control the land use practices especially controlling land conversion for other purposes, proper demarcation of forest boundaries in Abbottabad and Mansehra districts to save from conversion and misuse, on regular basis the involvement of locals in plantation and giving incentives in cash and kind for plantation, provision of alternate energy resources in the study area especially to hill side forest communities, and proper follow up of the programs already launched in forestry sector to maintain the confidence of the locals. Further, since cultivation and construction activities are the main threat found in the study so more focused attention is needed in this regard and the general policy for addressing these problems would not work. To build up forestry data base is the prime requirement. The macro economic time series data of Pakistan is not accommodating illegal timber. So constructing an estimated time series data for actual fire wood and timber consumption including illegal extraction in Pakistan would be the future task based on the results of the present study that would give more robust results out of the present research.
An Analysis of the Impact of Government Budget Deficit on the Key Macroeconomic Variables in Pakistan 1960-2005 by Abdul Qayyum Khan
(Department of Economics, University of Peshawar., 2008) Abdul Qayyum Khan; Supervised by Dr. Naeem-ur-Rehman Khattak
The aim ofthis study was to achieve three main objectives. Firstly to analyze the impact of budget deficit on macroeconomic variables, secondly to analyze the effect of domestic bank borrowing and external borrowing on budget deficit and thirdly to analyze the causality among the macroeconomic variables. Annual data for the sample period 1960-2005, taken from Economic Surveys of Pakistan and International Financial Statistics was used. Simultaneous equation model was used to investigate the mechanism through which the monetary and fiscal impulses were channeled and then their effects were transmitted to other macroeconomic variables. The effects of increase in money supply due to borrowing from domestic banking system and foreign borrowingto finance budget deficit were channeled through private and public investment to other macroeconomic variables. Linear regression model was used to analyze the effect of domestic borrowing and external borrowing on budget deficit. The Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model was used to analyze the causality among the macroeconomic variables, using the impulse response function (IRF) and the error variance decomposition analysis. The stationarity of the time series data was checked by using Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test. Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used to select the optimum lag. Johansen Likelihood Ratio (LR)test was used to ascertain the cointegrationin the regressions used for analysis. Error Correction Mechanism (ECM)was used to analyze the existence of short term disequilibrium in the model. The study revealed that fiscal and monetary variables are important to determine the macroeconomic stability in Pakistan. The expansion in governmentcapital expenditure through money supply for two cases (short-term/long term) indicates that this policy in short term had no favorable impacts upon Pakistan economic development in terms of crowding-in effects. The rapidity of adjustment during the whole process towards long run steady state was very low. In the long-term this policy had favorable impacts on both private and public investment (crowding-in effects).The short-term and long-term policies both had favorable impact in terms of output development.It results in gain ofbetter internal performance in terms of consumption expenditure, capital expenditure and balance of trade. In short-term domestic outputs adjust previous discrepancy in the same period, and had the capacity to gain competitiveness and a better external performance. The short-term policies for foreign sector were uncertain. A short-term result indicates that frequent devaluation will not improve trade balance but would increase the cost of production. The long-term policies had favorable impact in terms of foreign sector development. Income elasticity of export was less than the incomeelasticity of import. Instead of having favorable impact of devaluation on foreign sector in long-term, Pakistan trade balance deteriorated in line with deterioration in foreign assets stocks. The employment generating capacity of output growth was low. Budget deficit financing in terms of borrowing from domestic banking system and foreign borrowing had almost the same capability of financing budget deficit, but the financing elasticity of foreign borrowing with respect to budget deficit was greater than one, indicating that Pakistan relies mostly on foreign borrowing for deficit financing, which results in foreign reserve outflows. Any innovation of one standard deviation towards economic growth and budget deficit took seven years for each one to become effective, while for unemployment it took eight years and for poverty reduction it took more than ten years to becomeeffective. The response of the four macroeconomic variables (Economic growth, budget deficit, unemployment, and poverty) to innovations or impulses introduced were mostly explained in their own. Only two unilateral causality were present, and mostly independent type relationships were detected. Based on the finding of the study it is recommended that government should give priority to long-term private/public investmentpolicies, which can gain better results in economic growth, poverty alleviation and unemployment reduction. Export sector needs more attention in terms of quality standard, price control, and internationally adopted marketing strategies. Parallel and effective running of monetary, fiscal and exchange rate policies are needed to reduce balance of payment deficit. Market based economy development, privatization, skill development, and merit based recruitment policies may also accelerate employment generating capacity of output growth. The existing fiscal policy needs alteration in terms of objective achievement and prolonged channels towards implementation. Multidimensional fiscal policies with coordination of monetary policy will be appropriate to combat all the macroeconomic evils. Domestic sources of deficit financing should encourage to deter foreign reserve outflows. Three Separate government policies in respect of budget deficit reduction indicates that the reduction in government expenditure (capital or consumption) exerts the most undesirable influence on the overall macroeconomic performance, and domestic source financing policy produces favorable impact compared to foreign borrowing financing. Hence, the reduction in government expenditure in order to reduce the budget deficit is not the best strategy and especially the policy of reducing government capital expenditure. The government expansionary monetary policy for budget deficit reduction would have somepositive effects on Pakistan’s economy, but the governmenthas to be conscious abouttheinflationary effects ofthis policy.
An Inquiry into Genesis and Socio-Economic Impact of Land Reforms in Pakistan with Particular Reference to NWFP
(Department of Economics, University of Peshawar. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 1998) Shahriyar Khan; Supervised by Abdus Samad Khan (Director, Center of Applied Economics Studies, UOP)
This study traces the genesis of land reforms in Pakistan with particular reference to the North West Frontier Province (NWFP), appraises their socio-economic impact, and examines the case for further reforms. It embraces the tenancy, quasi-distributive, anddistributive reforms introducedin post-1947 period in Pakistan, but the main focus is on the distributive land reforms (DLRs) of 1959, 1972, and 1977. The genesis of land reforms, designed to reduce concentration of land ownership, is traceable to the legislations introduced in early fifties to improve tenanc ysituation, confer ownership rights on occupancy tenants, and abolish the Jagirs. These reforms proved as precursors to the DLRs the first of which was introducedin 1959. The chronology and contents of land reforms-in the widersense, clearly show that the ruling political parties adhered to the policy of gradualism, rather than radicalism, on the land reform front. In the first phase, lasting over a decade, the reforms aimed at only minimizing the adverse impacts of mal-distribution of land through tenancy and quasi distributive reforms, but avoided correcting the land distribution pattern. Mounting pressure for imposing a land ownership ceiling led the government to introduce the required legislation, but only as late as 1959. The 1959-Land Reform was by all standards a very lenient reformas clearly indicated by the high land ceilings, liberal concessions, and several exemptions providedby it. Even where no exemptions/concessions were available, a person could retain as many as 36,000 PIU worth of land or 500 acres/irrigated or 1000 acres/unirrigated land, whichever be more, which was considered to be too high a ceiling. The 1972-land reform loweredthe ceiling to 12,000 PIUs, again rather too high as indicated the fact that the average farm size then obtaining in the country was a mere half of the subsistence holding (12.5 acres). This realization led to a further lowering of land ceilings to 8,000 PIUs in 1977. All the three DLRs were launched with great expectations with respect to their positive socio-economic impacts. This study finds that on the whole the impacts have been of a positive nature, but their quantum has been too small to be called significant. A definite limit to land ownership has been imposed, and the old craze land accumulation seems to have subsided. But very little of the privately owned land has changed hands. a very small percentage of big land owners has been affected, and similariy a very small percentage of small farmers/tenants has been benefitted as will be borne out by the following statistics. Sr.No. Particulars Units Land Reforms of 1959, 1972 &1977 NWFP Pakistan 1. Affected Landlords Number 502 2. Total area resumed Acres 407,381 4,055,363 3. Area given to tenants/small farmers Acres 161,578 1,777,711 4. Number of beneficiaries Number 37,549 262,700 5. Average area recieved per beneficiary Acre 6.78 4.3 6. Total resumed area as %age of total 6.94 4.5 privately owned land in NWFP Thus, only 6.94% of the privately owned land was resumed in NWFP. This is too small anarea to affect the land ownership pattern even mildly. Similarly, only 37,549 persons were given land. They constituted approximately two percent of small land owners/tenants who were land aspirants. The smallness of the number of beneficiaries, and also thefact that on average they got 6-94 acres each, is clearly indicative of the smallness of land reform achievements and impacts. Distribution of land on such a small scale should be expected to producenovisible or lasting changeat macro level and thatis confirmed by relevant data. At micro-level i.e; beneficiaries household level, visibility of positive impacts of land reformsis, however, much better. All land recipients have experienced some socio-economic improvements-which most of them attribute to a large extent, to land reforms. The improvements are indicated by increase in the area owned by beneficiaries, rise in agri productivity/employment level/income, better access to educational and medicalfacilities, and beneficiaries expression of a sense of improvementin their socio-economic lot. Although the past reforms havenot madea visible and lasting impact on land ownership pattern andassociated aspects of agri and rural sector, their achievements are on the whole of a positive nature. Thenotedpositive impacts al macro and micro levels under score, if anything, only the need of further reforms of more radical nature and a wider scope. The land ceilings need be lowered and they should be placed on family holdings. Thereis simultaneously a need also to check proliferation of farms i.e; the trend towards decline infe rm size need be checked. The reform package should be such that it provides for equitable distribution of land, paves way for scientific agriculture, provides for more employment, and in the ultimate analysis turns agriculture into a dynamic sector.
Analysis of the Factors Determining Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth of Pakistan (1971-2005)
(Department of Economics, University of Peshawar. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 2009) Muhammad Azam Khan; Supervised by Dr. Naeem-ur-Rehman Khattak
The broad aim of the present study is to evaluate the influence of various economic, social and political determinants of host country in enhancing foreign direct investment (FDI). Further, an attempt has been madein this study to examine the impacts of domestic investment, foreign direct investment, human capital and trade openness on economic growth of Pakistan. For analysis secondary data has been utilized over the time period from 1971 to 2005, taken from Federal Bureau of Statistics, Pakistan Economic Survey and World DevelopmentIndicator various issues. Regression models have been used and the methods of Least Square, Two Stage Least Square, and Generalized Method of Moment have been applied as analytical techniques for the empirical estimation. In addition, Augmented Dickey Fuller test and Error Correction Mechanism areused to checkstationarity in the level of data. It has been argued that foreign capital inflow particularly in the form of FDIis likely to encourage national economic developmentin a host country by playing supportive role to local investment and by bringing many other benefits. FDI is the amountinvested by resident of a country in a foreign enterprise over which they have effective control. Almost two and half decades ago an excessive increase occurred in the global FDI inflow due to world globalization. Pakistan is a developing country and characterized by low per capita income, burden of external debt, lack of capital, low saving rate, rapid growth of population, and deficit in balance of payment etc. Domestic resources are short to finance the development needs of the country, therefore, FDI is one of the important sources of external finance for the economic developmentof Pakistan. Thus in order to have increased level of FDI in Pakistan, efforts has been made by the government of Pakistan by offering incentives to the investors in thecountry. But Pakistan has not yet enhanced desirable amount of FDI even offering many incentives to the investors. The empirical results of FDI economic modelin the presentstudy such as market size, infrastructurefacilities, domestic investment, trade openness, external debt and indirect taxes of the host country have been foundstatistically significant. But government consumption has been foundstatistically insignificant in the study. Similarly in the socio-political model a positive andstatistically significant relationship has been found between human capital and FDI inflows, while the result of political instability indicates though an inverse relationship with FDI but insignificant. For comparison, the study in hand comprised of one each econometric model for economic determinant of FDI for India and Indonesia respectively. The empirical results of India matched with the results of Pakistan excluding two determinates (viz, trade openness and government consumption) while the results of Indonesia do not match with the economic determinants of FDIfor Pakistan. The empirical result of the economic growth model indicates that expansion in domestic investment, trade openness and FDI promote economic growth but human capital has been foundstatistically significant with unexpected negative sign. In simultaneous equations model, from the economic growth equation,it has been foundthat the impacts of domestic investment, trade openness and FDI are statistically significant. Likewise the FDI equation indicates that FDI is positively related to growth rate, domestic investment and trade openness, while external debt negatively as expected. Therefore, on the basis of importance of FDI for boosting of economic growth,it has been concluded that to enhance more FDI into Pakistan, the management authorities may make efforts to improve Pakistan's image in the international community, ensure stable economic and political environment, provision of quality infrastructure, controlling inflation rate, peace and security, law and ordersituation and consistency in the governmentpolicies because these all are the key factors for potential investors in making investment choices. Thus to achieve higher levels of sustainable economic growth, improved living standard, alleviation of poverty, generating employment opportunities, socio-economic developmentand sustainable foreign investment- it is proposed, that the managementauthorities may give equal importance to follow appropriate macroeconomicstabilization policies (fiscal and monetary policies) accordingly.
ANALYSIS OF THEMES OF CHILDRENS READERS { URDU IN TERMS OF ACHIEVEMENT, AFFILIATION AND POWER MOTIVES IN PAKISTAN
(Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar, 1985) Mahar Bano
The present research was designed to study the dominant motivational trends in Pakistani society by means of thematic analysis of popular Urdu short stories for children written by Pakistani writers during the period 1947-82. For this purpose a total of 250 short stories were selected fror. different children's magazines and readers published in Pakistan during this period. The stories were further categorized into three time periods, 1947-1958, 1959-1970 and 1971-1982 according to their probable years of publication. These periods roughly correspond to the three phases of political development in Pakistan. The first time period contains 72 stories, the second has 79 and the third contains 99 stories. An exploratory study of 22 children's text book stories in Urdu, published by the N.W.F.P. Text Book Board from 1981 onward was also undertaken to see if the “text book" stories were any different form "popular" ones. The stories were analyzed in terms of n Achievement, n Affiliation and n Power. The guide for coding the motives was McClelland's method of “coding historical source materials for motivational variables" (1975). These motives, as borne out by previous studies, are productive of great societal consequences including economic development, war, peace and conquest (McClelland; 1961 and 1975).Results of the present research show that among the above three motives, n Power, on the whole is highest, n Achievement is lowest and n Affiliation is in between, and these differences are significant (Table Nos.5 and 1.0). That n Achievement is consistently extremely low, while n Affiliation follows n Power rather tamely, perhaps as a partially balancing factor is also clearly borne out by Table No.5 and Figure No.IvCertain other aspects of these results e.g., aifferences. ‘i between magazines and readers, have also been highlighted in different tables and figure. Figure No. V and VI are particularly worth looking at in this connection. An attempt has been made to discuss these results in terms of value/incentives and expectancies found in Pakistani society. In general, the expectancy— value theory has been found to provide an appropriate interpretative framework for these results. Towards the close of the thesis, some of the practical implications of the present study and suggestions for future research have been offered.
Association Among Fertility Behaviour in Women Using Various Contraceptive Methods (A Case Study of Pakistan)
(Department of Economics, University of Peshawar. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 1998-08) Ijaz Majid; Supervised by Dr. Naeem ur Rehman Khattak
The data collected by the National Institute of Population Studies, Islamabad in Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, 1990-91 was analysed and investigated in this study. The data was in the computer base of the Institute consisting of 6,611 eligible women. The main emphasis ofthe data was on, background characteristics, reproductive history, knowledge and use of contraception, pregnancy and breast feeding, vaccinations and the health of children, marriages, family size preferences and husbands background. The main objective of this study was to_ investigate statistical methods, which can be used. for the analysis of such data, so as to identify various variables that can affect the fertility pattern of the women using various types of contraceptive methods. This in turn will lead to identify variations among different methods of contraception that will have an effective control on the fertility of a woman. For this purpose, different methods of analysis previously being used and recommendedin the literature were studied and new methods were developed for analysis of this data so as to identify the variables of importance. Since the main purpose of the study was to investigate an association amongthe Fertility Behaviour in Women using different methods of Contraception/fertility regulation methods. The initial part of the study contained an elementary data analysis of the data. This was done to find out the a sources of variation in the data, and to investigate the important variables affecting the fertility behaviour of the women. The current trend of rapid population growth in Pakistan calls for serious thinking and action. If it is allowed to continue with the prevailing growth rate, it will adversely effect the socio-economic development of the country as with the current rate we are heading towards what is called population bomb. If it explodes, it would devastate the economic and social fabric of our country. Hence,it is the time that these important variables effecting the fertility behaviour of a woman should be taken care off. In this study along with simple analysis of cross tabulation and summary statistics computed, regression analysis was also used. The method of regression analysis was used in two steps. First, simple regression models were analysed. Second, in order to see the effect of a variable on the dependent variable, new regression models were formulated and analysed. This method helped us in pinpointing the important variables and finally developing a model of choice. Further Analysis of Variance was used to see the overall significance of regression models. The important variables as identified in the present study were age of the respondent, education,living number of children, family planning practices and attitudes, spousal communication and husbands level of education etc. Finally one o fthe major conclusions derived from the present study wasthat there was a strong association among the fertility behavior of the women using various contraceptive methods and hence its effects on the numberf born. Besides this, the study indicated that modern contraceptive methods are more effective as compared to traditional methods.
Causative Factors of Mental Retardation
(Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 2002) Monica Qamar Zaman; Supervised by Prof. Dr Sarah Safdar
lhe study “Causative factors of Mental Retardation” focuses on the children with mental disabilities. Any disability or abnormality is a great problem for the disabled and for his/her family. The area of study was limited to the Mental Retardation Center, Complex for Special Education, Balochistan, Complex for Special Education, Hayatabad, Peshawar & Sarhad School for Rehabilitation of Disabled, Peshawar Objectives 1. To study the extent of congenital causes of mental retardation. 2. To study the environmental factors affecting the development of the mentally retarded. 3. Endogamyasa social factor to mental retardation. 4. Attitude of neighbors and other family members to the retarded child. Mental retardation involves a general delay in the development of intellectual and adoptive abilities and affects most areas of social cognitive and language functioning. Mental retardation is generally assessed by a combination oftesting on formal tests of intelligence and by observation of the child’s adoptive functioning. The levels and 1.Q scores of retardation are as Mild in between 5570, Moderate 40-54, severe, 23-39, profound below 25 (Bniot Scale). For this research, Sarhad Model School for Special Education and Complex for Special Education, Hayatabad Peshawar was selected from NWFP and Kiran Complex of Special Education School was selected from Baluchistan. All schools are under Federal Government. A total sample of 100 retarded children parents and their neighbors were selected for this research. Fifty Retarded children’s parents & 50 next-door neighbors of mental retarded child were selected from both provinces, to find out the main causative factors of mental retardation, and to know the societies mental approach i.e. their attitudes and their views about the retarded children. Mental retardation is a term, which covers all forms of less than normalintellectual functioning. (S. M. Bhatia, 1992). 1 . Assumption was: Families with poor Economic conditions have mal — nourished and poorhealth of the expecting mothers, whichaffects the fetus’s mental and physical development. 2 . Assumption was: Stress and strains on the expecting mothers affect the fetus and increases menta! retardation in newbornchildren. 3" Assumption was: Cousin marriages weaken the genes of couple andthey give birth to the mentally retarded children. Assumption No.4 was: Aged and physiological weak mothers give birth to mentally retarded children. From different research techniques interview technique was used for data collection. For pre-testing 10 interviews were taken, unnecessary things like repetition of questions and language ofthe interview schedule was checked,after interview schedule was improved. After data collection it was classified and tabulated. The main inferences were: •To knowthe causative factor of mental retardation. •To study the environmental factors affecting the development of the mentally retarded. • Endogamy as asocial factor to mental retardation. • Attitude of retarded child’s neighbor andhis family members.
Child Protection and The Juvenile Justice System in Pakistan: A Case Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 2015) Imran Ahmad Sajid; Supervised by Prof. Dr Amir Zada Asad
This research explores the juvenile justice system in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Juvenile justice is a policy area that focuses on child welfare in the area ofcriminal justice. Research on juvenile justice system in Pakistan has remained dismal though. This thesis, based on qualitative research methodology, explores how the Juvenile Justice System Ordinance-2000 has played in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Central thesis ofthis research is that there is a significant gap between the theory and practice ofthejuvenilejustice system in Pakistan, based on many groundsincluding religious as well as cultural. The juveni'e justice like most other social policies is a transplanted institution. Throughout this thesis, it was found that juvenile justice means different things to different people. The legal documents are hardly followed in practice. Police officers use discretionary powers in extending benefits or otherwise, of JJSO to an offender. Prosecutionrarely, ifever, raises the question ofage of the offender. There is no difference in adult and a juvenile trial for prosecutors. Courts use the same procedures and methods as used for adults. There are a significant nvember of offenders in prison. The probation officers have meager resources to perform this extra duty as a protector of the rights ofthe child involved in criminallitigationsat all stages. This study found that the law-in-the-books did not have anyreal relationship with what presently happensin police stations, the courts, probation services, and prison settings. The thesis concludes by arguing that this basically represents a failure in the institutional transplantation of ideas and systems that have not worked in the Pakistani context. The answer, it is suggested, is synthesis of ‘old’ and ‘new’ practices around the world—-.e. restorative justice or greater reliance upon practices that better coincide with the religious, cultural and normative codes of Pakistani society.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE IN PAKISTAN: A Case Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (1980-2010)
(Department of Economics, University of Peshawar. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 2012) Samreen Babar; Supervised by Prof. Dr. Naeem ur Rehman Khattak
The world is facing climate challenges in the form of flash floods or harsh droughts, intense thunder storms or occasional rains, swamped plains or barren land, water assimilation or water scarcity. The aim of this research is to study the impact of climate changing events on Pakistan in general and its agriculture sector in particular. It will help in better copping against the future climate changing incidents. The intense rains of 2010, which resulted in a sever flood, is one of the climate change event in Pakistan. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was among the provinces affected by the flood event of 2010. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by ecological landscape can be divided into three zones or regions i.e. the Northern, the Central and the Southern regions. This study is an attempt to measure the climate variations in the three climate zones of the province, over the thirty year period (1980-2010). The environmental trend analysis results of the study shows that Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as a whole has experienced the climate change impacts in terms of rise in mean temperature from 0.3°C to 1.2°C and average rainfall from11mm to 15mm over the thirty years span. The climate intense event of 2010 impact was observed in terms of decreased agricultural production of Kharif and rabi crop. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa agricultural statistics showed a decline of Kharif (maize) crop from 1880 kg/hector in 2008-09 to 1783 kg/hector in 2009-10 and Rabi (wheat) production of 1565 Kg/hector in 2008-09 was reduced to 1520 Kg/hector in 2009-10. The climate changing impacts on agricultural sector is accessed by analyzing the two seasoned crops i.e. Rabi and Kharif of the province. The economic regression analysis is performed in this respect. The findings of the study shows that climate factors does effects crop production. Climate impacts on rabi crop of the province are more distinct than the kharif crop. The regional regression results depicts a positive impact of climate change on the northern part of the province whereas a negative impact on crop production is seen due to the elevated temperatures and untimely rainfalls.
Community Attitude Towards Females Education in NWFP
(Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan , 2006) Mamoon Khan Khattak; Supervised by Prof. Dr. Sahib Zari Rafiq
In the modern day world, the significance of females’ education has been realized to a greater extent than ever before. Females can play a vital role in the developmentof a nation, which is possible only through their sound education. Educated females may get good foresight and perception of the societal phenomena andcan playbetter reformatory role in the society. They can potentially involve themselves in nation building activities and can serve well in case of emergencies, and in this way they can be made active, useful and beneficial member of the society. Though the developmentis a multifactor phenomenon, howeverthe females education is one of the majorstrategies for achieving it. In North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan overall female literacy rate is 19%. It is because of the reason that NWFPhas a conservative society having strict and in-conducive cultural values, which has made the opportunities of education and developmentfor femalesas limited. The main objective of this study was to find out the community attitude,its underlying causes and the effects of the community attitude upon female education in this province. The main hypothesis developed for the subject study was that the community has negative attitude towards female education, which has negatively affected the female education in the region. Onthe basis of existing literature and general community view all around the world it was also assumed that all attitudes have certain inclinations, predisposition, feelings and beliefs. In this connection socio-cultural values were assumedto be the basic reasonsfor this negative attitude toward female education in such a culturally conservative region. The interview was used as a method ofdata collection. For this purpose an interview schedule was prepared in accordance with the objectives of the study. It was close ended and comprised of78 questions. Before conductingthe interview, the purposeofthe study, its need and importance was briefly explained to the respondents. This study was conducted all around the NWFP, in both rural and urban areas. For the convenience, overall representation and uniformity of the results/findings, all the four administrative regions ofNWFP namely Southern, Northern, Central and Northwestern were included in the study. The sample size was selected proportionately from each region onthe basis of its population through various non-probability sampling techniques. Further, the respondents were males selected from the age group of 25 to 55 years and of married status, because this category was assumed to have a more influential role over females in the community. Total 600 respondents were thus interviewed. Standard statistical methods were applied for data analysis. The results ofthe study indicated that the hypotheses developed for the study were found as correct. The community was having negative attitude towards females’ education. It was notin favour ofeducating the females. The community’s such attitude has negatively effected the females’ education. The community due to different reasons did not wantto see the females as educated and empowered. The community wanted to preserve its values, and educating females was not a social value. The community was unwilling to change stereotypes prevailing in society, which has retarded females’ education. Due to stagnant values andattitudes, the social life of the community was ata standstill, rather than thinking oneself- it was subject to circumstances. Majority of the community people were contented on the absence of females education. As females education in virtue is to be supported by the community, while in actual the NWFP community has retarded females’ education. They did not want to change the present status of females. In short, the lack of females’ education was termed as natural and inevitable by the community. Yet this law is cited as “a natural law of society” to discourage sympathy for the unfortunate i.e. females. Even to talk about females education was perceived as to stir-up trouble. The community’s negative attitude and in-cooperation with females’ educational implementers has served as a cause for retarding the process of females’ education promotion. The educational implementers have faced problems due to un-consideration of the social factors of the respective community while working on females” education. The community people did not want to change the values, which their elders have practiced. The religion-Islam was madea gratuitous source of exploiting females’ rights especially for education. The females’ roles in the society were restricted i.e. the femalesdo not have economic/job opportunities so the community thought that the females need not to be educated. The community people have feared that the females’ honour will not be secure ifthey go out oftheir homes for acquiring education. The community perceived females as deficient as compared to males in terms ofpsychosocial characteristics. The rural and the urban community have had a difference in their attitudes toward females’ education. But this was also fact that this difference was more ofnumber,less of kind. The rural community has shown comparatively added number of respondents for negative attitude towards females’ education. They have a lesser amountofrealization for importanceoftheir involvement and cooperation for promotion offemales’ education. They perceived that females could never play the roles, which the males were playing in the society. In both the communities the females due to low literacy level have assumed a lower socioeconomic status, while in the rural community the situation was more miserable of females. The society’s cultural element of females’ psychosocial deficiency was of disadvantage for females and through this the females were disadvantaged educationally, culturally, economically, politically, religiously and socially. It is fact that through the process education the individuals are not only educated but are also empowered and gain sense of independence. Whereas, the majority of femalesare illiterate in our society and this low literacy level was one of the major causes for their low socioeconomic status in the society. There was a distinct gap in socioeconomic status of males and females where the females were at disfavour. The “Karl Marx’s- The Deficient Feminine Nature Theory” which served as theoretical framework of research, was also tested forits validity through findings of the research study. It has been proved as a correct explanation of community’s discriminatory attitude towards females and their education, in the context ofNWFP community. A new theory was generated which was titled as “The Dismal Circle of Femaleism” which has advanced the ideas given in the Karl Marx’s above said theory. Based on the findings of this research study, suggestions are provided that how the community’s attitude can be made positive and participatory for promotion of female education in NWFP and in the likely communities
CROSS-DISTRICT MULTIPLE INDICATORS OF QUALITY OF LIFE AND WELL-BEING IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA: DETERMINANTS, VARIATIONS, AND FUTURE OUTLOOK
(Department of Economics, University of Peshawar. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 2005) Danish Wadud; Supervised by Dr Naeem ur Rehman Khattak
Quality of Life (QoL) is a multidimensional concept encompassing many spects of an individual’s, community’s, and country’s existence and being. It is not just a measureof material resources at their disposal but ofother more intangible resources and environments which produce effects which enhance their quality of life. The study attempted to concentrate on the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwaand look at the Quality of Life and Well-being of individuals in thirteen of its districts representing its major population. It followed an integrative approach to measuring Quality of Life. QoL encompasses not only the material aspects oflife like income, employment, housing etc but also the more intangible non-material factors like family, social cohesion,trustetc; influencing it. The method ofPrincipal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to tackle with multidimensionality as well as explain variation in QoL and Well-being. Weighted Factor Score (WFS) were used as an index for ranking districts for QoL and well-being on the basis of social indicators chosen in different domains of life. Both descriptive and multivariate regression analysis was done to estimate the determinants of Quality of Life and Well-being taken as the Overall Experience of Life (OEL). The results show that the majority respondents use public facilities and regard them as good except for public transport. They are mostly not satisfied with their education level and accommodation standards, however, find their health and social life satisfactory. Majority respondents can barely cover their basic expenses, however can just about afford to keep their houses comfortable and have meat or fish weekly and buy new clothes. Most are concerned abouttheir jobs and feel insecure. There is mostly an optimistic response about the future, however they feel their lives are not as they would have wanted them to be and get a sense of belittlement due to their job status or income. However majority say they are not inclined towards corrupt behaviour. There is however a considerable amountofdistrust in institutions and political participation is low. Social interactionis healthyas far as close family is concerned. Majority are of the view that people do not followtraffic rules, disregard caring behaviour in public and evade taxes. Majority of the respondents also believe that a good quality oflife requires good education, a steady job, standard accommodation, wholesome familylife, good health and a fair amountofsocial life. The districts with high urban disposition top the ranksin quality oflife in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, like Peshawar, Mardan, Swat and Charsadda, while Bannu, Kohat and LowerDirfall amongst the bottom districts in terms of quality of life. The rural/urban ranking also follows similar patterns with a few exceptions. There is a need to increase the quality and access ofpublic amenities, Opportunities of employment, education and health access, affordable and quality housing, encourage building social networks, transparency in_ institutions, encouragementofcivil society involvement, stricter tax rules and penalties, and lastly an utter need to gear up andequipstatistical offices and databases for future research in the area ofQuality ofLife and Well-being as are presently deficient.

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