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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ETHNIC SELF-DISCREPANCY IN AFGHAN REFUGEES AND NATIVE PUKHTOONSIN NWEP
(Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 2004) Muharmad Jahan Zeb Khan
The purpose of the research was to find out ethnic self-discrepancy among Pukhtoon Afghan refugees and native Pukhtoon population in NWFP. Besides determining differences in Pukhtoons’ Ideal and Real selves, the dynamics of interpersonal relationships between the two stated populations were also explored. The study was carried out into two phases viz., Preliminary Study and Main Study. In the preliminary phase, an Adjectives Checklist in Pukhto(PACL) was constructed for use in the second phase of the study. Keeping in view the Ideal and Real Pukhtoon character, adjectives were generated and evaluated by a team of experts. Out of the original pool of 182 adjectives, only 66 survived the process of qualitative evaluation by the experts. After calculating item-total correlations and factor analysis on a sample of 200 Pukhtoon students, 53 items were retained. The items were grouped under 8 factors, extracted after Varimax rotation. Values of reliability and validity were recorded to be significant at high levels. The Main Study was carried out to find out the ethnic self-discrepancy and ethnic self-concept of Pukhtoons on both sides of the Durand line. A sample of 200 Pukhtoons, including Afghan refugees and native Pukhtoons, was selected. Pakistani sample was the matched group of Afghani sample. PACL was used as an instrument for data collection. Self-discrepancy was found to be significant on Full scale as well as on subscales level (p< .0001) as a whole and for both males and females separately. Discrepancy was also found to exist at high level of significance for both Afghani and Pakistani Pukhtoons’ samples. High discrepancy group shows low ethnic self-concept as compared to Low discrepancy group in both of the samples. In case of Pakistani sample, both in High and Low discrepancy groups, self-perception was significantly higher as compared to their perception of Afghani Pukhtoons on PACL. Adjectives with high mean scores have been found to be confirming the literary and stereotypic concept of Pukhtoons in the contemporary Pukhtoon society.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Wheat Production and Balances Its Demand and Supply Problems and Remedial Measures (A Case Study of Pakistan)
(Department of Economics, University of Peshawar. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 1999) Mohammad Naeem; Supervised by Prof Abdus Samad (Director, Center of Applied Economics Studies)
Wheat is a universally cultivated and produced staple food item of commonuse. In Pakistan, it is being used regularly. Its extensive and constant use has made people habitual ofit and they cannot evenbearits partial shortage or scarcity. The purpose of the present study is to remove suchtransitory shortages between consumption (demand) and production (supply) to bridge the gap between them throughefficient wheat policy. Consumption (demand) of wheat depends highly on population growth and changes in per capita income of the country. Population of Pakistan is increasing at a higher rate (2.7 percent), which is creating pressure on the cultivated land and thus adversely affecting production of wheat. Moreover, the per capita incomeis increasing at a rate of 11.9 percent which is raising the aggregate demand for better quality of wheat. Thus, a gap is created between demand and supply of wheat whichis further widening with the passage of time. This problem can be solved throughefficient government policies, which will bring self-sufficiency of wheat to the economy and may even lead towards exportation of wheat and earn foreign exchange in import substitution. Self-sufficiency in food grain productionis the national goal. Pakistan enjoys a comparative advantage in wheat production, therefore, the self-sufficiency goal is theoretically valid. The essence of the findings of the present studyis that the irrigation induced technological changes would accelerate the growth of wheat production, resulting in a gain of economic efficiency and achieving self sufficiency. The key success to increase wheat production lies in rapid adoption of technology. The diffusion of biochemical technology (HYV, fertilisers pesticides, etc) is a more appropriate path towards technological progress than alternative labour saving mechanisation (labour — intensive and capital intensive techniques). Production (supply) of wheat depends onthe total land availability for the crop, irrigation facilities, climatic conditions and market price of wheat. Wheat is sown in the month of November-December, where in rain fed areas, we receive verylittle rain and which alwaysbrings a bad harvest. It is an exceptional case in Baluchistan and N.W.F.P. but bumper cropping in Punjab and Sindh have irrigation facilities. Effort has been madeinthis study to achieve an equilibrium between demand and supply of wheat. For this, data has mainly been obtained and used from government published agricultural bulletins, economic surveys, etc. Moreover a little primary data has also been used for the derivation of Cobb-Douglas production function and Marginal Physical Product of labour. A very useful Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model has been used in this study which has forecasted wheat production upto 2010 (13 years ahead). This will help the planners and concerned agencies in time importation of wheat. The findings of the study are that both irrigation and technology would play the leading role in the growthof future wheat production. The government will also have to change its wheat policies in light of the new development. Specially it has to eliminate subsidies and checkits role in the price formation. Finally if the recommendations ofthe study are adopted, Pakistan will not only become self-sufficient in wheat production but may emerge as wheat exporting country also.
A Critical Analysis of Pakistan Studies Curricula
(Institute of Education and Research, University Of peshawar, 2012) Iqbal Khan Ph. D Research Scholar; Supervisor Prof. Dr. Muhmmad Jahanzeb Khan
The study was planned to critically analyze Pakistan Studies curricula. The main objectives of the study were to assess the contents of Pakistan Studies for secondary, higher secondary, and bachelor level with special reference to the principles of survival, interest and utility, analyze the vertical alignment in Pakistan Studies curricula, and analyze the contents of Pakistan Studies in the light of its objectives like students’ needs and social purpose. Data were collected from two hundred ten (210) teachers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and two hundred ten (210) students of University of Peshawar. Chi-square test and percentages were used for data analysis. The results show that Pakistan Studies contents are capable of satisfying the aspirations of mankind for a higher and richer culture and interests of learners and focus on their social development. The curriculum of Pakistan Studies highlights the importance of national integration, unity and patriotism, and does not promote an understanding of the country's ideology. It also helps students in recognizing their rights and duties, and develops their civic sense. Further results show that the contents of Pakistan Studies provide the opportunities for social intercommunication and also help to promote citizenship activities. The encouraging aspect of the study is that Pakistan Studies contents are valid, accurate, and based on historical facts. The study suggests that such contents may be included in Pakistan Studies curriculum which help in keeping students mentally fit to use their hands and minds properly to solve their social problems.
A Critical Analysis of the Effectiveness of the Teaching Methods of Quran and Sunnah at Secondary Level
(Institute of Education and Research, University Of peshawar, 2013) Farzana Bukhari; Supervisor Dr. Mohammad Noman
The main purpose of the study was to identify effective and suitable methods for teaching the students at secondary level. In order to derive the desired objective the teaching methods of Quran and Sunnah and traditional methods were selected for teaching English grammar parts of speech, tenses, stories and composition at secondary level. The research study was experimental in nature and GGHS Tarnab Farm Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was selected as sample through purposive sampling. There were two sections of class 9th in the school. From each section 30 students were selected randomly through new draw method techniques. One group was considered as experimental and other as control group. One of the teachers from the same school was selected to teach both the group English grammar (part of speech, tenses, stories, and composition in separate period of 40 minutes daily. For the control group teacher used traditional method while experimental group was taught by teaching methods of Quran and Sunnah. The researcher briefed and guided the teacher for both the traditional method and teaching methods of Quran and Sunnah, direct method, lecture method, question/answer method. The experiment was conducted in 48 working days. Two achievement tests were administered in the subject of English at secondary level. Pre-tets was administered before starting the experiment while post test was administered on completion of experimental task.
A Critical Study of the Project Appraisal Management and Control System in Pakistan: An Exercise in Evaluation
(Department of Economics, University of Peshawar. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 1989) Saiyeda Zia Al-Jalaly; Supervised by Main M. Nazeer
In common with most developing countries, the history of planned development in Pakistan is replete with flopped projects, projects that don not see themselves to completion within the stated time and cost, or projects which do not fulfil their avowed objectives. Even otherwise well conceived projects face difficulties at the implementation on other related stages. Worse Still, the project cycle system has neither been examined nor regarded in its totality as an integrated system. This study is an in-depth analysis and evaluation of the project appraisal, management, and control system in Pakistan. The approach taken is an integrated one where, despite the emphasis on the ex-ante appraisal and implementation stages, the entire project cycle in Pakistan has been examined in order to the able to link the stages and study the problems of omission and commission which emerge at the implamentation stage. The study is, however, confined to the public sector projects which need to pass through the well laid out procedures. Being a study in the evaluation of a system, it has involved quantitative as well as qualitative examinations. These examinations range from a review of the theoretical aspects of the project cycle and its stages as well as the techniques used at various stages, to the progression of the project cycle in Pakistan, and eventually to an evaluation of the system and recommendations to improve the system. The theoretical sections are based on an extensive review of literature followed by use of secondary data based on government publications, supplemented by intervious and discussions with experts involved at various levels of planning and stages of the cycle. The main findings of the study centre around the inadequacies in the structure of PC-1, cost and time overruns, data gaps, motivation and training of personnel, lack of coordination, absence of contingency planning, lack of appropriate apprasal parameters, problems relating to project selection criteria and procedures, lack of staff, absence of an institutional link between appraisal wing and monitoring team. Findings relating to the approval and implementation stages of projects relate to the distortions arising out of anticipatory approvals, breaking of projects into smaller components to avoid higher echelons of approval and appraisal, problems arising out of the discrepancies between the need and availability of resources, a total absence fo any input or tiem plans leading to raw material constraints, delays in the provisions of essential services and physical infrastructure, problems arising out of the bases of award of contracts and selection of sites, lack of inter-agency coordination and communication and lack of a modern progress monitoring system. Findings in the field of project montoring/control centre inter alia around lack of processing of the information collected, too much information requested, jtoo frequently, and no sifting of information by level of importance, lack of trained personnel to undertake montoring; absence of an institutional monitoring set-up to handle un-anticipated problems; absence of forward and backward flow of information and decisions through an established channel. The study comprises six chapters- the first four laying out the system as it is, the fifth is devoted to an evaluation of the system, while the sixth contains the main conclusions and policy recommendations.
A CROSS- CULTURAL STUDY OF CHILD REARING PRACTICES AND THEIR EFFECT ON PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT.
(Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar, 1991-04) NASEEM R. SAHIBZADA Supervised by (Dr. Mrs. Mah Nazir Riaz)
The main purpose of the present study was to find out the major difference in child rearing techniques, used by Pakistani and Kenyan mothersandtoexplore their effects on personality development. For this purpose, a total of 161 families were randomly drawn from a population of Peshawar (Pakistan) and Nairobi (Kenya). From each family, a mother and one child were included in the sample. The study was carried in two parts. In part A, the main difference in child rearing techniques were studied and an unstructered questionnaire on mothers, was administered. Part B explored the effects of child rearing techniques on personality dimensions. Here CAT was administered on their children. The results revealed that Kenyan mothers prefered breast feeding more as compared to Pakistani mothers (P<.01). Bottle feeding, on the other hand, was less preferred by Kenyan mothers as compared to Pakistani mothers cP<.01). In both the cultural groups, a higher percentage of mothers belonging to joint family system preferred bottle feeding in contrast to the nucleus family system (P<0.1). The data further revealed that a high percentage of Pakistani mothers wean and toilet train their children earlier (P<.01), as compared to Kenyan mothers. Moreover, mothers belonging to the higher income groups in Pakistan as well as Kenya, toilet train their children earlier as compared to lower income group (P<.01). In the case of punishment, as a mode of discipline, a higher percentage of Pakistani mothers punish their children for misbehaviour, as compared to Kenyan mothers (P<.05). In joint family system, mothers of both the cultural groups, reward their children for good behaviour more, in contrast to nucleus family system (P<.05). The results also revealed that mothers from both the cultures, belonging to higher income groups, reward good school work more as compared to lower to lower income groups (P<.05). The results of Part B revealed that independance was highly related to bottle feeding (P<.01) whereas, breast feeding shows no such relationship. Furthermore, the sex of the child shows a significant relationship with aggressive behaviour (P<.05). Thus, a high percentage of boys, of both the cultural, groups exhibit aggressive behaviour more frequently as compared to girls.
A CROSS- CULTURAL STUDY OF CHILD REARING PRACTICES AND THEIR EFFECT ON PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT.
(Department of Pyschology, University of Peshawar, 1991-04) NASEEM R. SAHIBZADA
The main purpose of the present study was to find out the major difference in child rearing techniques, used by Pakistani and Kenyan mothersandtoexplore their effects on personality development. For this purpose, a total of 161 families were randomly drawn from a population of Peshawar (Pakistan) and Nairobi (Kenya). From each family, a mother and one child were included in the sample. The study was carried in two parts. In part A, the main difference in child rearing techniques were studied and an unstructered questionnaire on mothers, was administered. Part B explored the effects of child rearing techniques on personality dimensions. Here CAT was administered on their children. The results revealed that Kenyan mothers prefered breast feeding more as compared to Pakistani mothers (P<.01). Bottle feeding, on the other hand, was less preferred by Kenyan mothers as compared to Pakistani mothers cP<.01). In both the cultural groups, a higher percentage of mothers belonging to joint family system preferred bottle feeding in contrast to the nucleus family system (P<0.1). The data further revealed that a high percentage of Pakistani mothers wean and toilet train their children earlier (P<.01), as compared to Kenyan mothers. Moreover, mothers belonging to the higher income groups in Pakistan as well as Kenya, toilet train their children earlier as compared to lower income group (P<.01). In the case of punishment, as a mode of discipline, a higher percentage of Pakistani mothers punish their children for misbehaviour, as compared to Kenyan mothers (P<.05). In joint family system, mothers of both the cultural groups, reward their children for good behaviour more, in contrast to nucleus family system (P<.05). The results also revealed that mothers from both the cultures, belonging to higher income groups, reward good school work more as compared to lower to lower income groups (P<.05). The results of Part B revealed that independance was highly related to bottle feeding (P<.01) whereas, breast feeding shows no such relationship. Furthermore, the sex of the child shows a significant relationship with aggressive behaviour (P<.05). Thus, a high percentage of boys, of both the cultural, groups exhibit aggressive behaviour more frequently as compared to girls.
A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF LAND DISPUTES: A CASE STUDY OF LOWER DIR
(Department Of Sociology, University Of Peshawar, 2008) NISAR AHMAD Ph.D. Scholar; Supervisor Prof. Dr.Anwar Alam Coordinator (Sociology)
Land disputes are indeed a key factor in the disintegration and destabilization of developing societies like Pakistan. The present study was undertakento find out the major causes, as well as consequences, of land disputes in Lower Dir district. On the basis of land disputes cases from 2001-2010, 250 respondents were selected from the whole universe through proportion allocation method of sampling, including 50 respondents from land disputes related office bearers and lawyers. An interview schedule and a questionnaire were used for the collection of data from land-disputants and land related officers, lawyers respectively. Then the collected data was analyzed through SPSS. It was found that the major causes behind land disputes in the study area were mass illiteracy, non-existence of land registration system, increase in land value, greed and lust, defective land administration system and inefficiency of land disputes resolving institutions. Many socio-economic impacts of land disputes were detected through the present research study such as heavy expenditure on litigations that leads to poverty and indebtedness, wastage of time, source of enmity and psychological complexities. The role of formal and informal land disputes resolution agencies were also taken into consideration which was unsatisfactory. To overcome the problem of land disputes implementation of land registration system, awareness of illiterate masses, implementation of Islamic laws ofinheritance in its letter and spirit, eradication of corruption from land administration department and efficient judicial system for the resolution ofland disputes in Lower Dir are needed.
A study of Distinction Between Intelligence and Creativity and Some of Their Correlates Amonga Group of Pakistani Children
(Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar, 1978) Mahnazir Riaz
A STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN DURING THE PERIOD 1960-83
(Institute of Education and Research, University Of peshawar, 1986) Dr. S. A. Ghaffar Asstt. Professor
A Study of the Nature of Changes in the Secondary level Biology Curriculum since 1960
(Institute of Education and Research, University Of peshawar, 1996-06) Miss Shafqat Perveen; Supervisor Dr. S. Abdul Ghaffar
Curriculum development is a dynamic and continuous process, it is subject to change in view of the changing socio-economic and political scenario. It is changed when it is not consistent with the national aspirations and goals of education. It is changed when it loses balance, integration and relationship within and among various disciplines. Biology as an important scientific discipline, has been gaining currency doing the last three decades, and plays significant role in the field of science. It helps in understanding ourselves, our environment and the world around us. Such were the guiding spirit that inspired the researcher to study in depth the nature and process of changes and developments of biology curriculum offered at secondary level in Pakistan Since 1960. The main objectives governing the study are to study the nature of changes brought about in biology curriculum, to identify factors and forces warranting such changes, to identify the problems and issues inhibiting proper implementation of die curriculum in the class room and also to formulate guide-lines for not only correcoding the situation but to make it more responsive to the challenges of the 21st century. The study is hoped to infarience the policy of the government and will provide feed back on the operational status of the curriculum.
A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND FAMILY
(Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar, 1989-10) RAAT WAZ Supervised By: Dr. S. Zulfigqar Gilani
The present research was designed to study the relationship of individual psychopathology and the family. For this purpose psychotic and neurotic patients were selected from the psychiatry wards of Lady Reading and Khyber Teaching Hospitals. Their families were approached and those families were kept in the sample which agreed to co-operate. An equal number of families were selected who did not have a neurotic or psychotic member. Different psychological tests were administered to each member of the family in every category. The purpose of these tests was to assess the mental health, adjustment of a person in the family and the ego-strength of each family member. The aim was to see the effects of a disturbed person on other members of the family and the contribution of the family, if any, in the disturbance of such a member. The results indicate that the Presence of at disturbed member in the family effects others; the disturbance in the parental relationship effects the Psychological condition of the children. Comparison of the different categories of families revealed no Significant difference on two of the tests. On Family Adjustment Test there was ® significant difference between different groups.
A STUDY OF THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF FAITH AND MENTORS IN MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
(Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar, 1986-05) SYEDA Farhana Jahangir; Dr.S. Zulfiqar Gilani
The present research was designed to study the therepeutic effects of faith and religious mentors in mental health problems. For this purpose number of different religious mentors were approached. They helped in the selection and contact with the subjects who once suffered from psychological problems and received faith therapy. It was also ascertained that these subjects did not receive any other kind of therepeutic treatment. The information regarding the nature of psychological disturbance, severity of the problem and duration of faith therapy was collected and cross checked by interviewing the subjects and their families. On the basis of this information every, subject's case history was prepared. The symptoms shown at the time of distrubance were taken from their case histories and diagnosed with the help of DSM-III. It was noticed that the majority of the subjects included in the present study were severly disturbed and their psychopathology bordered on the psychotic or was clearly psychotic. At the time of this research five different objective and standardzed tests were adminstered to every subject individually, to measure psychological health. According to these test results as well as the verbal reports of the subjects, they are all functioning normally at present. The results indicate that people Living in this culture are likely to benifit from faith therapy. An attempt is made to explain these results within the context of our socio-religious culture.
Activities Based on Low Cost Materials (Equipment, Glassware, Chemicals) in Teaching Chemistry at Secondary School Level in Pakistan
(Institute of Education & Research University of Peshawar, NWFP, Pakistan, 1998) Iflat A. Hussain; Supervisor Dr. S. Abdul Ghaffar
Science education has remained one of the top priority issues of developing countries for the last few decades. In this age of science and technology, the developing countries face an increasing demand for scientific and technical manpower due to the increased awareness and emphasis on rapid industrialization as well as agricultural development on the national level. It Is now well recognized that science education has a direct and very significant influence on numerous activities in the daily life and environment of both rural and urban communities. It is in this context that the natural and physical sciences, study and use of environment and local resources has been recognized as one of the basic areas of school curriculum in many developing countries including Pakistan. Keeping in view the significance, study In hand is selected to design low cost activities based on low cost materials (equipment, glassware, chemicals) in teaching chemistry at secondary school level in Pakistan.
An Analysis of Governmental and Non-Governmental Rural Development Programmes with Particular Focus on Rural Women in NWFP (A Case Study of Three Union Councils in District Peshawar).
(Department of Economics, University of Peshawar. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 2006-07) Shaheen Nigar; Supervised by Prof. Dr. Arbab Ikramullah Khan
The aim ofthe present study was to examine the services of both government and Non-governmental organizations in North West Frontier Province (NWFP) Pakistan. For this purpose Peshawar of the NWFP was taken as a sample district. Govt. organizations are working throughout the province but NGOs existence is erratic. Their sizes and functions also differ widely. For the purpose of comparison a leading NGO namely Sarhad Rural Support Program (SRSP) was selected. The SRSP has launched its activities in different sectors and is actively involved in developmental works in the area. In addition to the secondary data, primary data were also collected. A total of210 females’ respondents were purposively selected. The findings ofthe study show that the people ofthe area are availing/utilizing the services of both the organizations i.e. government and of the NGO. The government organizations are investing more in the social sector while the NGO stress is on skill development. The government, social sector facilities are for the general public irrespective of the economic status while the NGO’s focus is on the poor community. However, both are benefiting the rural masses ofthe area. In so for as the social services are concerned the study finds that various social services provided by the government, are sparsely utilized by the women due to various socio-economic reasons. These include family responsibilities, ignorance and cultural taboos. In the health sector a numberof factors were found to be responsible for its underutilization. On the one hand, the health services were not easily accessible, poorly equipped and the medicine provided were of sub-standard and on the other hand majority ofrural women were poor and they could not afford expenses. In so far as the family planning services are concerned the poor popularity of family planning services was due to ignorance, non availability of required contraceptives and the influence oflocal religious leaders who consider that family planning was against norms ofIslam. Results of study show that NGO (SRSP) programme are more popular and effective among rural women. Women community organizations (WCOs) were established by SRSP and had been successfully working in the sample area. The sample women reported that they had been guided and motivated by SRSPstaff while establishing WCOs. The WCOs introduce those developmentalactivities that directly address the needs of the people. To enhance the income of local women, trainings were imparted in tailoring, embroidery, dyeing, poultry farming, fruit processing, bee keeping and Mushroom cultivation. All these activities insignificantly increase the income of the concerned women. However, the income of the dyeing was higher than that ofthe rest of the stated trainings. These entrepreneurship training encouraged womento start small business. Two levels (Rs. 5000 to 10000 —herein after called level 1- and Rs. 18000 to 20000 herein after called level 2) of credit were provided to communities for this purpose. Thecredits were mostly utilized for the purchase oflivestock and enterprise development. The income effect of level 2 credit wasinsignificantly higher than that of level 1. Similarly the income effect of enterprises was insignificantly higher than that of livestock. The majoreffect ofthe SRSP on gender related economic activities were the contribution of women in total household income. The study showed encouragingresults regarding increase in monthly income of the sample respondents, after the intervention of SRSP. The increase in monthly income of the sample respondents resulted in an increase in spending mainly on education and, health. Financial stability made them more confidents in decision-making. The study also identified the problem of inadequate amountofcredit and lack ofmarketing facilities, the provision of such facilities will ensure rural women’s empowermentand poverty alleviation at grass rootlevel. Some complaints were also registered by the member of the WCO’sregarding the duration of trainings because it was so short especially for the illiterate respondents that they could not take full advantage ofthese courses. It was also observed that at present there is little co-ordination between Government and NGO’s.It needs to be established and strengthened through mutual consultation, regular meetings and collaborationactivities. The study recommends increased coverage, representation of ethnic groups, need oriented approach, relaxed credit packages, strengthening of co-ordination between the line departments, proper monitoring, improvement in community infrastructure etc. Beside this special attention should be given to social sector by providing them adequate funds for building and other physical facilitates, qualified and well trained teaching andhealth personnel and also these services be madeeasily accessible to the rural communities. Marginal success of NGOs working maybe taken cautiously because NGO programmes depend on financing of donor agencies. When donor agencies withdraw hands NGOs programmes are in doldrums
AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING FOREST AREA IN PAKISTAN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NWFP (1972-2000)
(Department of Economics, University of Peshawar. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 2008-01) Naila Nazir; Supervised by Prof. Dr. Ijaz Majid
This study was an attempt to analyze the socio-economic factors affecting forest area in Pakistan. Every year different areas are afforested and regenerated. Policies and programs are prepared to increase the forest area up to national requirements but there is no significant increase in the area rather fast deforestation is taking place. Forest communities play a significant role in the use and depletion of these resources. The study highlighted the assumptions about some macro economic variables, which are generally considered as key socio-economic factors that cause deforestation and depletion of forests and tested the hypothesis in order to show the impact of these factors on forest area in Pakistan. In order to achieve the objectives of the study and to test the hypotheses the followed methodology has two aspects; one, consulting the forest communities in forest rich areas of the province and second, analyzing the macro economic data of different socio economic factors that have impacts on the forest area of the country. For the first aspect two forest rich areas in NWFP; District Abbottabad and District Mansehra have been selected. The socio economic conditions of these areas have been discussed and analyzed. The priorities and practices of forest communities in the use of different resources have been checked. For the second aspect the study analyzed time series data of some of the socio-economic factors of Pakistan for example agriculture production, cultivated area, livestock and human population, the consumption of fuel wood substitutes etc. Taking the forest area of NWFP and forest area of Pakistan as a whole then checked the results of these socio-economic factors. For the analysis multiple regression technique was applied on the time series data from 1972-2000. The results of the econometric models were then compared with the primary information collected from the two districts of NWFP; District Abbottabad and District Mansehra. These results were further analyzed by comparing them with earlier studies conducted in the same field. The results of the primary data showed that most of the firewood and timber is extracted illegally and there is no official record or even a rough estimation of the total quantity illegally extracted. The most responsible figure as mentioned by the locals also includes Forest Department, which is a part of timber mafia. Forest department has no arrangement for forest fires; it is the locals who extinguish it by using local practices. The study area has not received real benefit of gas provision by the government in the country because these facilities are not yet extended to their areas and alternate sources are not enough. Both the study areas are suffering from some problems, which are contributing to deforestation, for example common property, lack of interest and cooperation of Forest Department with locals, lack of follow up of forestry programs especially started by foreign agencies etc. In both the areas there is no increase in animals so livestock population is not the prime threat. Human population has increased but they are either migrating to other areas or opting for service sector. In both the areas people have very little knowledge about government policies and programs. The results of the primary information showed some valuable facts about forest land conversion for other purposes, about Forest Department, the role of government and non-government organizations, about forest fires and about timber mafia in the study area. The results of the regression models obtained from the time series macro economic data showed that some of the socio-economic factors of the country that are generally considered as the most responsible factors for the depletion of forests such as increase in human and livestock population are not the important factors contributing towards deforestation in Pakistan but some others like cultivation, construction, consumption of timber and agriculture production are playing their due role towards deforestation. The study further showed that increase in the consumption of firewood substitutes could not significantly improve the situation. The analysis further showed the extent of effect of different variables on the forest areas. The recommendations of the study have given more emphasis to control the land use practices especially controlling land conversion for other purposes, proper demarcation of forest boundaries in Abbottabad and Mansehra districts to save from conversion and misuse, on regular basis the involvement of locals in plantation and giving incentives in cash and kind for plantation, provision of alternate energy resources in the study area especially to hill side forest communities, and proper follow up of the programs already launched in forestry sector to maintain the confidence of the locals. Further, since cultivation and construction activities are the main threat found in the study so more focused attention is needed in this regard and the general policy for addressing these problems would not work. To build up forestry data base is the prime requirement. The macro economic time series data of Pakistan is not accommodating illegal timber. So constructing an estimated time series data for actual fire wood and timber consumption including illegal extraction in Pakistan would be the future task based on the results of the present study that would give more robust results out of the present research.
An Analysis of the Impact of Government Budget Deficit on the Key Macroeconomic Variables in Pakistan 1960-2005 by Abdul Qayyum Khan
(Department of Economics, University of Peshawar., 2008) Abdul Qayyum Khan; Supervised by Dr. Naeem-ur-Rehman Khattak
The aim ofthis study was to achieve three main objectives. Firstly to analyze the impact of budget deficit on macroeconomic variables, secondly to analyze the effect of domestic bank borrowing and external borrowing on budget deficit and thirdly to analyze the causality among the macroeconomic variables. Annual data for the sample period 1960-2005, taken from Economic Surveys of Pakistan and International Financial Statistics was used. Simultaneous equation model was used to investigate the mechanism through which the monetary and fiscal impulses were channeled and then their effects were transmitted to other macroeconomic variables. The effects of increase in money supply due to borrowing from domestic banking system and foreign borrowingto finance budget deficit were channeled through private and public investment to other macroeconomic variables. Linear regression model was used to analyze the effect of domestic borrowing and external borrowing on budget deficit. The Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model was used to analyze the causality among the macroeconomic variables, using the impulse response function (IRF) and the error variance decomposition analysis. The stationarity of the time series data was checked by using Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test. Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used to select the optimum lag. Johansen Likelihood Ratio (LR)test was used to ascertain the cointegrationin the regressions used for analysis. Error Correction Mechanism (ECM)was used to analyze the existence of short term disequilibrium in the model. The study revealed that fiscal and monetary variables are important to determine the macroeconomic stability in Pakistan. The expansion in governmentcapital expenditure through money supply for two cases (short-term/long term) indicates that this policy in short term had no favorable impacts upon Pakistan economic development in terms of crowding-in effects. The rapidity of adjustment during the whole process towards long run steady state was very low. In the long-term this policy had favorable impacts on both private and public investment (crowding-in effects).The short-term and long-term policies both had favorable impact in terms of output development.It results in gain ofbetter internal performance in terms of consumption expenditure, capital expenditure and balance of trade. In short-term domestic outputs adjust previous discrepancy in the same period, and had the capacity to gain competitiveness and a better external performance. The short-term policies for foreign sector were uncertain. A short-term result indicates that frequent devaluation will not improve trade balance but would increase the cost of production. The long-term policies had favorable impact in terms of foreign sector development. Income elasticity of export was less than the incomeelasticity of import. Instead of having favorable impact of devaluation on foreign sector in long-term, Pakistan trade balance deteriorated in line with deterioration in foreign assets stocks. The employment generating capacity of output growth was low. Budget deficit financing in terms of borrowing from domestic banking system and foreign borrowing had almost the same capability of financing budget deficit, but the financing elasticity of foreign borrowing with respect to budget deficit was greater than one, indicating that Pakistan relies mostly on foreign borrowing for deficit financing, which results in foreign reserve outflows. Any innovation of one standard deviation towards economic growth and budget deficit took seven years for each one to become effective, while for unemployment it took eight years and for poverty reduction it took more than ten years to becomeeffective. The response of the four macroeconomic variables (Economic growth, budget deficit, unemployment, and poverty) to innovations or impulses introduced were mostly explained in their own. Only two unilateral causality were present, and mostly independent type relationships were detected. Based on the finding of the study it is recommended that government should give priority to long-term private/public investmentpolicies, which can gain better results in economic growth, poverty alleviation and unemployment reduction. Export sector needs more attention in terms of quality standard, price control, and internationally adopted marketing strategies. Parallel and effective running of monetary, fiscal and exchange rate policies are needed to reduce balance of payment deficit. Market based economy development, privatization, skill development, and merit based recruitment policies may also accelerate employment generating capacity of output growth. The existing fiscal policy needs alteration in terms of objective achievement and prolonged channels towards implementation. Multidimensional fiscal policies with coordination of monetary policy will be appropriate to combat all the macroeconomic evils. Domestic sources of deficit financing should encourage to deter foreign reserve outflows. Three Separate government policies in respect of budget deficit reduction indicates that the reduction in government expenditure (capital or consumption) exerts the most undesirable influence on the overall macroeconomic performance, and domestic source financing policy produces favorable impact compared to foreign borrowing financing. Hence, the reduction in government expenditure in order to reduce the budget deficit is not the best strategy and especially the policy of reducing government capital expenditure. The government expansionary monetary policy for budget deficit reduction would have somepositive effects on Pakistan’s economy, but the governmenthas to be conscious abouttheinflationary effects ofthis policy.
An Analytical Study of Questioning Leading to Critical Thinking in Classrooms
(Institute of Education and Research, University Of peshawar, 2014) Wilayat Bibi Ph. D Scholar; Supervisor Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Inamullah
Questioning is one of the most commonly used techniques at the disposal of teachers during teaching to check students’ level of understanding about the concepts. Questioning technique assists teachers to communicate them about the level of understanding of their students. Questions are promoting students’ creativity in classroom interaction. Without higher order, thought provoking questions, learning become little more than memorization. Questions, if asked intelligently not only elicit information and develop cognitive thinking processes but also develop analytical and critical thinking. Perhaps a few studies have been carried out on this vital issue in the Pakistani classroom situation. The overall purpose of the proposed study was to investigate questioning leading to critical thinking in the classrooms setting. It was focused to determine the levels of questions keeping in view the Bloom’s Taxonomy. The study was also focused to analyze lower and higher order questions and to explore convergent and divergent questions at secondary and tertiary levels. The study was an observational type of the descriptive method. The target population composed of 21965 teachers at Secondary Level and 3000 teachers at Tertiary Level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
An Enquiry as to The Relevance of the Philosophy of Education of Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi to the Present Day Needs of Education in Pakistan
(Institute of Education and Research, University Of peshawar, 1991) Mian Bashir Ahmad; Supervisor Professor Maulana Muhammad Ashraf
An Evaluation of Public Sector Teacher Education Program in Khyber Pakhtonkhwa
(Institute of Education and Research, University of Peshawar, 2012) Amjad Reba; Supervised by Dr. Arbab Khan Afridi
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the teacher education program in Khyber-Pakhtonkhwa based upon a survey and interview of the directors, principals, teachers and trainees perceptions, so as to identify the effectiveness and expected benefits of the program. The objectives of the study were, to point out perception of the trainees of different programs related to different aspects of teacher education institutes, to compare the perception of elementary and secondary trainee teachers related to different aspects of teacher education institutes and to suggest a ten year action plan for teacher education institutes in Khyber-Pakhtonkhwa. To obtain quantitative and qualitative data in the study, mixed methodology was used which employed a survey questionnaire with 72 items and interview contained 20 items grouped under seven broad categories that is learning aids/technology, curriculum & courses, admissions, teaching & learning, evaluation, research activities and teaching practice. Ten regional institutes for teacher education (RITEs), five each male and female and five institutes of education and research (IERs) Similarly, 50 trainees and OS teachers’ from each institute were also selected randomly. The total sample includes 750 trainees, 75 teachers and 15 principals/ directors. Survey questionnaires received from trainees were 600 with 60 from teachers and 16 from directors and principals. The data were collected through survey questionnaires from the teachers, trainees’ responses. Interviews from directors and principals focused on the different aspects of teacher training institutes program in Khyber-Pakhtonkhwa. The data gathered through these various sources were triangulated to enhance the quality or the reliability of the data. To analyze quantitative data, statistical procedures were run using SPSS version 16.0. Teachers and trainees perceptions about the teacher education program were analyzed by using descriptive statistics (%, frequency). Secondly, the Kruskal Wallis H test was implemented to examine the difference between different programs trainee teachers and elementary and secondary level respondents. It was also used to examine the difference in the teacher's status and about different aspects of teacher education program. The Mann-Whitney test was used to test the difference of different aspects regarding teacher education program such as gender and between teachers and trainees. As for as qualitative data analysis is concerned, the results from the interview with directors and principals were documented, while taking notes by the researcher. With some adaptation, the analytic approach was used for the analysis ofqualitative data in this study. It was found that up to 47% trainees and 33% teachers do not have internet facility in their institutes. Nearly 40% ofthe trainees revealed that seminar, work shop and conferences were not carried outin the institutes. Halfofthe teachers and trainees responded that curriculum can not accommodate individual differences and aims can not be achieved through the present curriculum. Most of the 78.5% trainees and 78.3% teachers admitted the fact that faculty members were cooperative. Approximately 61.7% teachers and 47.7% trainees reported that there were hindrances in the teaching learning process. According to 35.3% of trainees 46.7% teachers malpractices were observed in examination. As far as the procedure of the lesson plans is concerned 47.3% trainees and 70.3% teachers admitted that they were out dated and about 70% trainees and teachers responded that lesson plan need modification. It is concluded that there was a difference between different aspects of programs. There was a difference between different aspects ofprograms and different vi levels (ie elementary and secondary) for admission and research activities scales and levels among the respondents with marginal significance for evaluation. The qualitative data reflect broad consensus that access for every learner to modern technology could be made possible. There is always a strong base for the argument about the need for allocation of budget to education. As reflected by the respondents, curriculum must be equipped with the national and international requirements. The curriculum of all teacher training institutes needs proper modifications. The situation is further compounded bythe fact that manyteachersjoin teaching by chance not by choice. So it is obligatory to conduct aptitude tests before admission. The data reflect broad consensus that trainees need active participation so passive listening on the part of the learner may be avoided. The teacher should take initiative to use the learning aids properly and activate the learner. Most of the participants of this study tend to concentrate upon the use of assessment in different ways and before assessing the learner have to know about the nitty gritty of assessment. The data reflect broad consensus that a teacher may be a good researcher and must be able to tackle classroom problems. There is a need to link research with that all vacant posts in teacher training institutes may be filled, to introduce modern assessment techniques, to strengthen teaching practicum and improve research activities in teacher education institutes. An action plan was launched for further implementation

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