PhD Theses and Dissertations

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    UNDERSTANDING THE TREND OF SOCIAL CAPITAL BUILDING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN Submitted
    (Department Of Sociology, University Of Peshawar, 2009) Aminullah Ph.D SCholar( Sociology); Supervisor Prof. Dr. Johar Ali
    This project aims to analyze the implications of social capital building at community levels through policy implementations for the development of education in Pakistan. The policy is envisaged to furnish its aims and objectives through establishing links between schools and communities in the form of Parent-Teacher-Councils. The councils are formal bodies embodying the essence of private and public partnership focusing upon providing better standard of education for all children. In order to paint a refined picture of the issue, multiple case study design is adopted to analyze data from three different districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The cases are different with regards to socio-economic conditions, literacy rate, employment opportunities, sources of communications, nature and distribution of population and gender wise structure of the communities. The study extended to the three districts helps us understand the phenomenon in wider context. The data collected is composed of individual/group interviews along with personal observations in the field. Parents, teachers, PTC members, principals and students are selected for interviews from four different schools/communities in each district. PTC meetings are also observed coupled with studying the record of the councils. The study is taken as repercussion of synergy view of social capital, treated as a resource in obtaining Epstein’s six types of parental involvement. Each chapter is designed to revolve around this central proposition theoretically and caters for possible explanation in the prevailing situations. The study exhibits that introduction of PTC as a tool of social capital building largely failed to play a vital role in attracting community for improving the quality of education. Among many reasons, lack of government’s interest, poor socio-economic conditions and bureaucratic structures of school, are few of the important factors curtailing the outputs of the councils. However, the councils delivered encouragingly in some areas characterized by high literacy, sound economic conditions, gender based relationships and democratic attitude. Hence, it is concluded that PTC is a source of social capital building and can be more effective in achieving the targets of Epstein’s model in developing countries if hindrance in its way, as revealed above, are properly addressed.
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    PARTICIPATORY APPROACH OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs) TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT
    (DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR PAKISTAN, 2005-12) NIAZ MUHAMMAD Ph.D. (Scholar); SUPERVISOR PROF. DR. MIR KALAN SHAH
    The study entitled Participatory Approach of NGOs to Rural Development was carried out on non- formal education, one of the sectors of the rural development. The Human development Foundation (HDF), Mardan was selected as study unit. It has been working on this activity through its implementing agent Tameer-e- Millat Foundation (TMF). Four major actors are involved in different capacities in the exercise of activity, which include the Community, the Development Organizations, the Parent Teacher Associations and the staff of HDF/TMF. The composite sample size of the four study elements was 280 from the total 26 selected schools both for boys and girls. The break up of the sample size is made as 130 from the community, 52 from the Development Organizations, 78 from the Parent Teacher Associations and 20 from the staff of HDF/TMEF.The major theme of the study remained participatory approach and people’s participation was seen in the phases of planning, decision-making, implementation, monitoring and evaluation through the study matrix (Development Participation Model). The study findings are clearly indicative that the people of the target area fully participated in various activities of the education programme like planning, designing, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation. They got opportunity to express their views, criticize any component of activity and put forward suggestion of improvement in the meetings of the Development Organizations (DOs), the Parent Teacher Associations (PTAs) and even in the Advisory Board. Such direct and voluntary participation ensured increase in the enrolment rate, readjustment of dropout and left out cases, and improvement in the quality of education. It is noteworthy that community gave an affirmative response by sending their children both male and female to NGO based schools, and even girls outpaced boys in case of enrolment. The community moved forward up to the level of its best in providing material objects like building, electricity, safe drinking water and other things as needed beside its moral and intellectual support to the project personnel, which show the zeal and spirit of local people in the attainment of education for their children.
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    IMPACT OF THALASSEMIA MAJOR ON PATIENTS’ FAMILIES IN PAKISTAN
    (Department Of Sociology, University Of Peshawar, 2009) KAMRAN ISHFAQ (PhD Scholar); SUPERVISOR PROF. DR. JOHAR ALI
    The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of Thalassemia major on patients’ families in Pakistan; to describe the awareness among the parents regarding Thalassemia Major; the cost of treatment of Thalassemia Major and the sufferings it brings to the families; the social problems faced by patients’ families; to identify the barriers patients’ families face in the treatment of Thalassemia child. Population of the study was parents of Thalassemia major children, visited for blood transfusions at the Thalassemia / Hemophilia Centers of The Children’s Hospital & the Institute of Child Health Multan, Minhaj ul Quran, Amina Blood Foundation, Fatimid Blood Foundation Multan. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the total population and structured interview was administrated. Data were analyzed and interpreted by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) 19.0 version software. A structured interview was conducted for data collection. Interview schedule was developed after detailed literature review and also accessing the situation of peripheries in district Multan. The structured interview was discussed with two experts of sociology and two senior doctors (>8 years’ experience) working in the Thalassemia centers, Government Health Institutions. It was revised to incorporate recommended improvements. Focus Groups Discussion was also conducted. A total of (N=64) sample was drawn from the population and participants were divided equally (n=16) from 04 blood transfusions centers. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to analyze the data that includes: frequency, percent, mean, standard deviations. one way ANOVA and Pearsoncorrelation while for the data analysis of FGDs NVivo 7 software was used. The study summarized that the health care providers should be encouraged to talk about Thalassemia as a public health problem in Pakistan and should enhance the public awarenessto eliminate the Thalassemia in Pakistan.
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    THE IMPACT OF CORPORAL PUNISHMENT ON STUDENTS IN PUBLIC SECTOR SCHOOLS: A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED BOYS SCHOOLS IN DISTRICT MULTAN
    (Department Of Sociology, University Of Peshawar, 2009) Safdar Hussain (Ph.D. Scholar in Sociology); Supervisor PROF. Dr. Niaz Muhammad
    The study was conducted on investigating the impacts of corporal punishment with major emphasis on its nature, kinds and effects on students, including social, academic, educational, psychological, legal and medical aspects. To ascertain the effects of corporal punishment, the participants of the study comprising students, teachers and parents were interviewed through questionnaire and interview schedule. Major objectives of the study were to investigate into the nature, kinds and motives of physical punishment against students in sampled district; to identify multidimensional effects of corporal punishment on the students from educational and academic perspectives to social, academic, educational, psychological, legal and medical aspects.; to investigate the teachers and parents' viewpoint on corporal punishment of students at schools and to seek the opinion of the victimized students on use of corporal punishment. The total sample size from students, teachers and parents was 607. The data was analyzed at both uni-variate and bi-variate level while calculating frequency, percentage and Chi - square test respectively. It was found that corporal punishment remained a hurdle in developing good teacher - student relationship; it led to destroying students’ character building; increased dropout rate; discouraged the learning environment; created hatred for teachers; impaired interest in study; and compelled students to leave school before the day ended. Moreover, it was observed that corporal punishment became the major cause for creating aggressive attitudes and quarrelsome behaviors among the students; it badly affected children’ morality; it led children to use alcohol and other drugs; made them vulnerable to sexual abuse. Academic achievements got lowered in their respective examinations in the view of constant absenteeism from school. Furthermore, corporal punishment depressed students’ feeling of sympathy.
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    IMPACT OF EXCLUSION OF POOR COMMUNITIES ON SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: A Studyof District Lodhran in Southern Punjab (Pakistan)
    (Department Of Sociology, University Of Peshawar, 2009) MUHAMMAD SHABBIR CH. PH.D. SCHOLAR; SUPERVISOR PROF. DR. ANWAR ALAM
    This study describes the impact of exclusion of poor communities on social development in district Lodhran. The study circulates around the involvement of poor communities of district Lodhran, particularly BISP beneficiaries and responsible major stakeholders of social development. Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) beneficiaries in district Lodhran were the respondent and connivance sampling technique was used for the selection of 400 respondents for quantitative study and 27 participants were involved in 03 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Interview schedule was used as a tool of quantitative while Question guide/Checklist was developed as a tool for qualitative data collection. Uni-vairate and Bi-variate analysis has been made through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) while quantitative data analysis was made by content analysis (thematic analysis). Uni-variate and bivariate analysis results reflected that people are thumb engraver and their incomeis less as compared to their expenses. People have large family sizes and prefer to live in joint families in small homes with less number of rooms. Agriculture is the largest profession and majority uses bicycle/motor cycle for personal transportation in emergency. The people were unhappy with the governmental policies and they suffer from discrimination and exploitation. Economic as well as social resources are grabbed by the rich and the pooris left cramped. Lawlessness prevails as the law enforcement agencies are puppets in the hands of bigwigs. All community development decisions and policies are made bythe rich people in the area. Excluded people were not aware about importance of tax revenue and its proper utilization. Exclusion slows down the process of social developmentin district Lodhran, the poor can not avail themselves timely help, even their relatives, friends and colleagues do not support them at the time of emergency.
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    IMPACT OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT: STUDY OF TEHSIL BALAKOT, DISTRICT MANSEHRA, NWFP, PAKISTAN
    (Department Of Sociology, University Of Peshawar, 2014) Muhammad Kaleem; Supervisor Prof. Dr. Sarah Safdar
    The present study was conducted under the title “Impact of Community Participation on Disaster Management: Study of Tehsil Balakot, District Mansehra, NWFP, Pakistan”. Tehsil Balakot, the worst stricken area by the unfair jolts of the October 08, 2005 earthquake was selected for study. The main objectives of the study were to know about the impact of the local communities’ participation, attitude of local community and utilization of indigenous resources for coping with the problems posed by the disaster. A diagrammatic model “Organic Community Model for Disaster Survival by Alan Kirshenbaum” was applied under the assumptions that there was no significant role of the components of the model in disaster management and then followed the basic criteria for testing the model, hypothesis were developed and were operationalized through variables and indicators. Subsequently, the data was collected from the purposively selected 1012 respondents through a pre-tested interview schedule from the overall worst affected villages of the entire union councils of tehsil Balakot. Eventually, the data was transferred to SPSS for statistical analysis and results. Simple percentages as well as Chi square and Gamma statistics were applied in order to show the association and relationship of variables with one another. The respondents of the study belonged to the multiple segments of the local communities with respect to their level of education, localities, age groups, family compositions, level of incomes and occupations. The data showed that majority of the sampled households had faced economic as will as human losses in one or the other forms. Keeping in view the gravity of situation the local communities notably participated in removing the rubble, providing first aid facilities to the injured, shifting the seriouslyinjured to the hospitals, entombing the dead bodies themselves with the help of neighbors, friends, relatives and concerned local communities, supplying FIs and NFIs to the needy people, retrofitting the minor damages of their houses by themselves or by ERRA in addition to their own finances and labors, reconstructing their houses and rehabilitating their livelihood sources by themselves, communal help, donations of the communities or with the help of different organizations. The data indicated that the local communities participated in the adjustment of vulnerable orphans and widows, provision of shelters to the affected families, restoration and openings of potable water channels, drainage and irrigation water supply channels as well as the openings of small routes to the villages.
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    FACTORS AFFECTING WOMEN'S SHARE IN FAMILY INHERITANCE IN DISTRICT PESHAWAR, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
    (Department Of Sociology, University Of Peshawar, 2011) MUSHTAQ AHMAD JADOON; SUPERVISOR PROF. DR. RASHID KHAN
    The present study was conducted to find out factors affecting the women’s share in family inheritance in District Peshawar. It was based on the assumption made from Structural Oppression Feminism Theory that inheritance denial to women in Pakistani society is a common phenomena where male economicinterest in family inheritance is directly or indirectly supported by patriarchy centered inheritance norms, practices and legal, religious and social institutions. Data for the study were collected through a pretested interview schedule from 384 sampled respondents belonging to both urban and rural areas of District Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Findings of the study are based on univariate and bivariate analysis of data. The findings of the study confirmed the denial to women in family inheritance as a common phenomenain the study area. Many respondents did not even consider the denial as a violation of female’s basic human rights. Hence, this was found a common phenomena among all socioeconomic groups. Almost three fourth of the total respondents did not share inheritance with females at all while those who gave full share constituted only 2.3 percent. The rest tried to exploit the females and their in-laws by giving a small piece of land orlittle amount of money. A numberof factors were found to affect the phenomena. Female inheritance denial was found significantly associated with the families where land and property were considered as the critical and fundamental! economic resources and assets for males who wanted to keep it within the family to control both the resources and the females. Legal and religious institutions, despite having clear rules and regulations, could not protect female inheritance rights. They were both male dominated and found favoring the males. The females, on their part, could not contact the legal institutions, especially, due to lengthy and cumbersome procedure as well as high social and economic cost on litigation. Similarly, mosque and religious leaders did not motivate the respondents to share inheritance with their females. In fact, the male claim on family inheritance was further strengthened by the prevalence of patriarchy based inheritance norms, practices, unlawful methods and complicated procedures to get the share in inheritance.
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    EFFECTIVENESS OF FEMALE MADARISIN WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENTIN PAKISTAN
    (Department Of Sociology, University Of Peshawar, 2009) Javaria Raza Ph.D Scholar (Sociology); Supervisor Prof. Dr. Johar Ali
    This study explored the role of female Madaris (Islamic seminaries) in women’s empowerment in Pakistan. Primarily, it was designed to examine whether Female Madaris empower women or perpetuate women subordination in Pakhtun Society. It is an attempt to highlight the status of Madrassah graduates in local community. Furthermore, efforts are also made to understand the perceptions of Madrssah stakeholders regarding gender equality/an egalitarian social structure. The study was carried out in two districts (Nowshera and Peshawar) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, employing qualitative research methodology. The respondents consisted of three groups i.e. Muhtamims/teachers, students and students’ parents. The relevant data was collected through in-depth interviews (both individual and group) and personal observations in field. With an insight from interpretivism/hermeneutics, the data was analyzed and presented thematically. The overall claim that the study makes is that female Madaris produce a cluster of females for perpetuating patriarchal structure of society underthe garb ofreligiosity. The teachings in female Madaris are based upon selected knowledge that is controlled and interpreted by menfor their hegemonic interest. This teaching and interpretation of knowledge from men’s perspective and its internalization by female students leads them to adopt false consciousness. The study finds that female Madaris strengthen patriarchy and male hegemony instead of empowering women. Thus, it is concluded that female Madaris of Pakhtun society are reproducing the existing Pakhtun patriarchal normsandstructures. These institutions receive financial support from local and international actors coupled with access to political power structure. These Madaris, in return, promise to keepintact the vested interest of the actor/donors implicitly.
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    CULTURAL CONTEXTS OF CORRUPTION IN ADMINISTRATIVE NORMSOF PAKISTANI SOCIETY
    (Department Of Sociology, University Of Peshawar, 2015) AYAZ KHAN Ph.D SCHOLAR; SUPERVISOR PROF. DR. NIAZ MUHAMMAD
    The current study was carried out with the main focus on determining the cultural contexts of corruption with specific reference to administrative norms in Pakistani society. A total of 384 respondents was selected from four public sector organizations in District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, through stratified random sampling technique. The conceptual framework of the study comprised of eight independent variables and a dependent variable (Corruption). Likert scale questionnaire was used for collecting data. Chi-square test was used for establishing association in study variables. The association of corruption perception was observed as significant with cultural norms. Corruption perception was significantly associated with observing moral norms out of fear of disintegration in society. Corruption perception had a significant association with role of religious leaders in awareness rising about corruption. Corruption perception had a strong association with partiality of cultural norms towards rich/elite, power and prestige is superior to ethics and morality, preferring material gain over becoming a good citizen, ethical teachings becoming secondary to economic gains and socialization in corrupt environment encourage development of corrupt values. Corruption perception was found associated with observance of moral norms outof fear of stigma, societal encouragement for honest deed, confidentiality of corruption to avoid stigma. Corruption perception was found associated with increase in corruption scale with increase in official rank, greater ceremonial expenditures, admiration for extravagant expenditures, lavish expenditures on customs, competition for extravagant customary expenditures, social desire for fame through lavish expenditure, rubbing away of impression of honesty from mind of people, insufficient salaries of government employees and ridicule by society for not spending lavishly.
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    CROSS-CULTURAL ADJUSTMENT OF PAKISTANI STUDENTSIN THE UNITED KINGDOM: A CASE STUDY OF LONDON BASED POSTGRADUATE INSTITUTIONS
    (Department Of Sociology, University Of Peshawar, 2017) MOHAMMAD JEHANGIR; SUPERVISOR PROF. DR. RASHID KHAN
    The pivot of this study focuses on “Cross-Cultural Adjustment of Pakistani Students in the United Kingdom: A Case Study of London based Postgraduate Institutions”. The catalyst for the current study is the momentous concentration of the Pakistanis students to pursue higher education abroad in general and in the UK in particular. The prime objective of the study was to analyze sundry dimensions of cross cultural adjustment with special emphasis on its socio-cultural, psychological, economic, academic and religious aspects. Data were collected from 225 postgraduate Pakistani students studying in 20 various educational institutions in London with the help of a questionnaire. Chi-square test was applied to examine association between cross-cultural adjustment of the Pakistani postgraduate students with their socio-cultural, economic, psychological, academic and religious adjustment. The results found a significant association of the dependent variable (Cross-cultural Adjustment) with various statements of the independent variables such as per month income of the sampled respondents’ parents (p= .008); IELTS score of the sampled respondents (p= .000); respondents considered themselves deeply religious (p= .012); respondents’ British Universities (p= .000); respondents’ beliefs and practices made it difficult for them to adjust in a host culture (p= .002); respondents’ satisfaction from the nearest Masjid (p= .000); respondents’ British universities offered affordable and affective English language support (p= .003); respondents understood everything that was required of them by the UK Boarder Agency from the online helpline (p= .001); and respondents’ belief that the UK Border Agency’s personnel were very helpful and cooperative to them (p= .003).
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    CHALLENGES IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE WRIT OF THE STATE IN FATA (A CASE STUDY OF KHYBER AGENCY)
    (INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL WORK, SOCIOLOGY AND GENDER STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR, 2006) Intikhab Alam; Supervisor Prof. Dr. Niaz Muahamamd
    The present study was conducted on challenges in the establishment of the writ of the state in Khyber Agency, one of the seven agencies of the Federally Administered Tribal areas (FATA) of Pakistan. The main purpose of this study was to sociologically analyze the multiple Challenges weakening the writ of the state. Data was collected from the sampled agency‐related people, including Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), business community, intellectuals (academicians, lawyers, journalists, and political leaders), students of post graduate classes and political administration. Total sample size of the study is 380 whereas each group has equal representation of 76. Data was taken randomly from each group under purposive sampling technique through Likert Scale questionnaire. Inferences were drawn through univariate and bivariate modes of analysis. The study proceeded with the major objectives: Identifying the cross sectional perception of the tribal community; knowing the existing constitutional arrangements and vacuum therein; ascertaining the elements blocking the way of implementing the constitution of Pakistan; and assessing the role of political administration and local leaders (Maliks) in the State writ from their end. A conceptual framework, containing dependent variable (writ of the State) and independent variable (Challenges) including Frontier Crime Regulation, social deprivation, socio‐ economic under development, insurgency, foreign interference, traditional role of the tribal elders and their political interests, was developed. The study found that Frontier Crime regulation (FCR) was a law of the tribal areas which had a greater association with the weak writ of the state as it promoted crime rate, defended the interests of political administration as well as of local leaders who did not pay state taxes of different nature, and provided a safe place to the inside and outside insurgents. They (insurgents) pushed down the peaceful people into the settled areas of the country in the guise of internally displaced persons (IDPs) as they demanded of induction of the local youngsters in their camps and also of financial support. The study further indicates that post‐1979 and 9/11 incidents were among the other reasons which escalated insurgency in the entire tribal belt situated around the Afghan border. Low socio‐economic status of the area was also found as an influencing stimulant to motivate the tribal people to amass war weapons and participate in illegal activities. Unemployment, marginalized status, illiteracy, critical physical infrastructure, no access of NGOs to tribal areas, and gender inequality in education, health and employment were endorsed by the study findings which played a subsidiary role in weakening the State writ. The uncertain situation also compelled the business community to migrate to Peshawar, Mardan and other big cities of the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
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    ASSESSING THE ROLE OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS TOWARDS POPULATION CONTROL IN THE RURAL AREAS OF N.W.F.P
    (Department Of Sociology, University Of Peshawar, 2007) Anwar Alam Roll No. 01; Supervisor Dr. Rashid Khan
    The study was undertaken on the topic, “Assessing the role of public and private sector organizations towards population control in the rural areas of N.W.F.P.” The main objective of the study was to ascertain the contribution of these organizations in population control, to assess the constraints to family planning and strategies to overcome them. For this purpose the researcher had selected three types of respondents i.e. Family planning government staff, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) staff and beneficiaries of both the organizations at selected family planning centers of District Peshawar. Proportion allocation method of sampling was used for the selection of respondents. Out of total 109 government staff, 70 were selected, from total 73 NGO’s staff 60 were selected and among total 11885 beneficiaries of both government and NGO’s 300 were selected. After mapping the area and selecting the respondents, the researcher had pretested the Interview Schedule and Questionnaire, before data collected from the sampled respondents. The data of the study was organized, analyzed and interpreted accordingly. The study has highlighted that the major sources of awareness about family planning were TV, radio, relatives, friends and family planning staff & literature. To improve the awareness among masses suggestions have been given for involvement of media, staff training and Internet utilization for this purpose.
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    ASSESSING THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT 8 NON-GOVEBNMENT 0RGANIZATI0NS (G0's I NG0's) TOWARDS POVERW ALLEVIATION IN THE RURAL AREAS OF NWFP (PAKISTAN)
    (Department of Sociology & Anthropology University of Peshawar, 2002) Rashid Khan Ph.D. (Student); Supervisor Dr, Sahib Zari Rafique
    The Government of Pakistan submitted a proposal to the World Bank Mission in Islamabad in March 1989 for the development of an agricultural project in the Barani Area of NWFP. The Barani Area included the districts of D.I. Khan, Kohat, Karak, Haripur, and Abbottabad. The proposal was accepted in 1991 and became effective at an estimated cost of Rs. 1,017.0 million for a period of six years, commencing in 1993. The major components of the project, as envisaged in its plan, were agricultural research, agricultural extension, horticulture, livestock, forestry, rural infrastructure, and village development. The focus of the study has been narrowed to village infrastructure and village development provided under the project. The initiation of this project was a bold departure from the traditional policy of the Government, which had given priority to resource-rich areas in development while the typical physiographic conditions of the Barani areas had been neglected. Such a policy had consequently resulted in low productivity, unemployment, and migration of the workforce from rural areas to urban settlements.
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    Assessing Cultural Distortion in the Wake of Counter-terrorism Strategies and the Growing Radicalization in Pakhtun Society
    (Department Of Sociology, University Of Peshawar, 2002) Mr. Zafar Khan Ph.D. Scholar; Supervisor Prof. Johar Ali
    This study critically evaluates the performance of existing states responses such as Pakistan and United States against terrorism in the Pakhtun tribal society. It is reflected that forceful responses of states or excessive use of force against terrorism does not recourse to Pakhtun culture. Emphasis on the excessive use of force against terrorism caused damaged to Pakhtuns socio-cultural institutions. Resultantly, Pakhtuns cultural distortion also created the problem of socio-political order in the tribal belt of Pakistan. It is also revealed that collateral damages led to the perception of injustice and suppression which badly affected the performance of Pakistan against terrorism in this region. Collateral damages as a result of current counter-terrorism strategies also provoke Pakhtuns cultural traits revenge (badal) and resistance against the state forces. Research probes that Pakhtuns resistance and their cultural distortion and collateral damage further reinforces the process of radicalization. This study argues that states responses against terrorism in Pakhtun tribal society further increased their susceptibility towards radicalization. Lastly, the research concludes by offering non-kinetic approach to curb terrorism in the region. It is analyzed that growing radicalization can be reduced to preserve the socio-cultural institution of Pakhtun society and resolve the socio-economic and political problems of the region through culturally recourse counter-terrorism strategies.
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    A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF LAND DISPUTES: A CASE STUDY OF LOWER DIR
    (Department Of Sociology, University Of Peshawar, 2008) NISAR AHMAD Ph.D. Scholar; Supervisor Prof. Dr.Anwar Alam Coordinator (Sociology)
    Land disputes are indeed a key factor in the disintegration and destabilization of developing societies like Pakistan. The present study was undertakento find out the major causes, as well as consequences, of land disputes in Lower Dir district. On the basis of land disputes cases from 2001-2010, 250 respondents were selected from the whole universe through proportion allocation method of sampling, including 50 respondents from land disputes related office bearers and lawyers. An interview schedule and a questionnaire were used for the collection of data from land-disputants and land related officers, lawyers respectively. Then the collected data was analyzed through SPSS. It was found that the major causes behind land disputes in the study area were mass illiteracy, non-existence of land registration system, increase in land value, greed and lust, defective land administration system and inefficiency of land disputes resolving institutions. Many socio-economic impacts of land disputes were detected through the present research study such as heavy expenditure on litigations that leads to poverty and indebtedness, wastage of time, source of enmity and psychological complexities. The role of formal and informal land disputes resolution agencies were also taken into consideration which was unsatisfactory. To overcome the problem of land disputes implementation of land registration system, awareness of illiterate masses, implementation of Islamic laws ofinheritance in its letter and spirit, eradication of corruption from land administration department and efficient judicial system for the resolution ofland disputes in Lower Dir are needed.