PhD Theses and Dissertations

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    Taxonomy of predatory mites of the Family phytosehdae (Acari) of Peshawar region. by Mohammad Shahid
    (Department Of Zoology, University Of Peshawar, 1984-04) Mohammad Shahid; Supervised by Dr. M. Nasim Siddiqi
    Mites of the Family Phytoseiidae (Acari) were collected from different host plants and localities in Peshawar, Mardan, Dargai, Mingora, Dir and Chitral. They were mounted on microscopic slides in Hoyer's medium. Identification was done with the help of keys of Chaudhri (1974 and 1979) and by comparison with descriptions and the type specimen. In all, 19 species belonging to 4 genera were recorded. The species were described, and drawings of the important diagnostic characters were made with ocular grid. Tables for comparison of characters of species in each genus were prepared and from these phylograms were constructed. The species recorded in this work are (1) Gnorimus tabella Chaudhri (2) Phytoseius lynn, new species (3) Phytoseius flagrum, new species (4) Phytoseius hornus, new species (5) Amblydromella termon, new species (6) Amblydromella zerena, new species (7) Amblydromella canaster, new species (8) Amblydromella chashmaensis, new species (9) Amblydromella kalashiensis, new species (10) Amblydromella mardanensis, new species (11) Amblyseius bakhti, new species (12) Amblyseius uvidus, new species (13) Amblyseius balios, new species (14) Amblyseius darghaiensis, new species (15) Amblyseius emotus, new species (16) Amblyseius inculatus, new species (17) Amblyseius latro, new species (18) Amblyseius nidus, new species (19) Amblyseius opimia, new species.The type specimens (Holotypes) have been deposited in the Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar. I am highly indebted to Dr.M.Nasim Siddiqi, Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar for the selection of problem, the overall technical guidance and the constructive criticism all of which have resulted in the present work.I also thank Dr.L.Bano, Associate Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar and Dr. M.Ali Shah, Associate Professor, Department of Entomology, N.W.F.P. Agricultural University for working as members of the supervisory Committee and for their help and guidance.The help of Dr.Wali Mohammad Chaudhri, Director, Acarology Research Laboratory, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad in determination and confirmation of species, loan of literature and the type specimens without which this work was impossible, is gratefully acknowledged.Sincere thanks are also due to the Chairman, Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar for admitting and tolerating me a grey bearded student in his Department.Finally I wish to extend my sincere appreciation to all the staff members of the Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, my colleagues at the Department and the N.W.F.P. Agricultural University, Peshawar and all of my friends for their cooperation.
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    REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OT BENSONIES JACQTIEMONTI (MARTENS 1869)
    (Department Of Zoology, University Of Peshawar, 1992-12) Rehana Parveen Aurangzeb M.Sc, M. Phill (Pesh); Supervised by Dr. Mohammad Nasim Siddiqi
    Bensonies jacquemonti is a medium sized terrestrial pulmonate snail which is commonly available at the campus of University of Peshawar, N.W.F.P., Pakistan. A detailed study of the reproductive activity, anatomy, histology and function of the different parts of the reproductive tract is worked out. There are two breeding seasons and theseare related to seasonal rainfall, temperature and humidity. The genital organs retain the basic pattern of stylommatophores. Different portions of reproductive tract assist in different processes of reproduction e.g. male tract helps in sperm movement in two ways, one, upward movement of home sperms to reach penial complex and second; downward movement of foreign sperms from bursa to reach fertilization pocket. Penial complex forms the spermatophore. The female tract secretes different nutritive and protective coverings for the egg. The dart stimulates the excitement for the copulation. Formation of spermatophore, role of bursa copulatrix, and mating behavior are observed. Premating behavior is very intricate and follows a complex courtship. Eggs are laid in egg chamber dug inside the soil. Developmental embryology from oviposition to hatching takes place 15-21 days, depending upon the temperature. In cold weather the incubation period is 18-21 while in summer it is 14-15 days. Post embryonic growth till maturity have been worked out.The effect of neurosecretory hormones on reproduction is demonstrated; it shows relation with cell differentiation. Optic tentacular hormone assists male sex cells while ablation of optic tentacles promotes oogenesis. During unfavourable condition they undergo dormancy, the process of under going dormancy and re-activation from dormancy has been observed to be the direct effect of the external factors.
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    HELMINTHIASIS IN GOATS AND SHEEP OF PESHAWAR WITH SPECIAL REFERANCE TO THEIR (TAXONOMY, INCIDENCE WORM BURDEN AND SEASONAL VARIATION )
    (Department Of Zoology, University Of Peshawar, 1990) Shamim Rayaz M. Sc; Supervisor Dr. M. Nasim Siddiqi
    A detailed study of Helminths of sheep and goats was undertaken with emphasis on taxonomy, incidence, seasonal variation, and worm burden. This work was carried out for two years i.e. from December 1978 to November, 1980. Gastro-intestinal tracts of 203 sheep and 202 goats were examined during 24 months. Extra lungs and liver of 208 sheep and 190 goats were also examined.This study showed that helminthiasis is quite common in N.W.F.P. 94.08% of sheep and 91.58% of goats carried one or more helminthic infection. In case of extra lungs and liver examined helminthic infection was 80.28% in sheep and 79.47% in goats.Species of nematodes recorded from sheep in two years alongwith their percentage infection were Haemoncus contortus (74.38%), Dictyocaulus filaria (13.79%), Pneumocaulus kadenazii (6.90%), Trichuris parvispiculum (66.01%), T. globulosa (38.42%), T. lani (28.08), Oesophagostomum asperum (4.43%), O. columbianum (44.83%), O. venulosum (8.37%), Chabertia ovina (3.94%) & Bunostomum trigonocephalum (2.46%). Cestodes from sheep were represented by Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid cyst) 3.45%, Cysticercus tenuicollis (larval form) (16.75%), Moniezia (B) benedeni (6.90%), M. expansa (4.43%), Avitellina centripunctata (6.89%), Stilesia vittata (11.82%).Five species of trematodes were found in sheep Fasciola hepatica (30.54%), Dicrocoelium lanceolatum (1.97%), Cotylophoron ovatum (3.45%), Paramphistomum (E) explanatum (2.96%) & Gastrothylax crumenifer (6.40%).Helminth parasites recorded from extra lungs and liver of sheep were Dictyocaulus filaria (23.92%), and Pneumocaulus kadenazii (5.75%) from lungs, Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid cyst) (10.53%) and Cysticercus tenuicollis (2.88%) were recovered from lungs as well as from the liver. Dicrocoelium lanceolatum (0.96%) Fasciola hepatica (70.19%) and Cotylophoron ovatum (0.47%) were also found in the extra liver of sheep.Species of Nematodes recorded from goats along with their percentage of infection were : Haemoncus contortus (63.36%) Dictyocaulus filaria (8.91%), Pneumocaulus kadenazii (2.48%), Skrjabinema ovis (2.90%), Oesophagostomum asperum (1.90%), O. columbianum (43.56%), O. brevicaudum (0.50%), O. venulosum (10.89%), Chabertia ovina (3.96%), Trichuris indica (0.49%), T. globulosa (41.09), T. lani (28.71%) and T. parvispiculum (64.36%).Cestodes recorded from goats were: Moniezia (B) benedeni (6.93%), M. expansa (4.45%), Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid cyst, 4.90%), Cysticercus tenuicollis (17.33%), Avitellina centripunctata (7.43%) and Stilesia vittata (10.89%).Trematodes in goats were represented by Fasciola hepatica (26.74%), Dicrocoelium lanceolatum (1.4%), Paramphistomum (E) explanatum (2.48%), Gastrothylax crumenifer (6.93%), Cotylophoron ovatum (5.45%), Watsonius capri sp nov. (0.50%).Extra lungs and liver examined from goats carried Fasciola hepatica (70.00%), Dicrocoelium lanceolatum (0.53%), Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid cyst, 14.21%), Cysticercus tenuicollis (2.11%), Dictyocaulus filaria (21.58%) and Pneumocaulus kadenazii (4.27%).The present survey also established some new host records Pneumocaulus kadenazii, T. lani and Watsonius capri sp.nov., have been reported for the first time from sheep and goats.
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    EVALUATION OF HEAVY METALS TOXICITY IN SELECTED FISH SPECIES OF RIVER KABUL
    (Department Of Zoology, University Of Peshawar, 2015) Muhammad Siraj; Supervisor Assist. Prof Dr. Mohammad Khisroon
    The main objectives of this work were to investigate physico-chemical and heavy metal contaminations in water and heavy metals accumulation and toxicity in selected fish species of River Kabul. For this purpose water sample A (control site 3), water sample B (polluted site 4), water sample C (polluted site 1) and water sample D (polluted site 2) upstream and downstream of River Kabul were collected during low and high flow periods and analyzed for eight physico-chemical parameters (pH, TSS, TDS, TA, Cl, K, EC, Na) and nine heavy metals (Zn, Ni, Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb, Mn, Fe, Hg) and compared with water sample A and NEQS recommended limits. All the studied physico-chemical and heavy metal parameters in water samples A, B, C and D except TSS and Hg were below the NEQS proposed limits, where the values of TSS and Hg were above the NEQS recommended limits in all the water samples A, B, C and D. Thus the overall sequence of different water samples was D > C > B > A. This highlights that water sample D had higher and sample A had lower physico-chemical and heavy metal contaminations. Water samples A and B had highest TDS and lowest K for low flow and had highest TSS and lowest K for high flow seasons. Similarly water samples C and D showed highest TDS and lowest pH for low flow and showed higher TSS and lower K for high flow periods. Among heavy metals water sample A had highest Zn and lowest Pb for both low and high flow periods. Water sample B showed higher Zn and lower Hg for low flow and greater Zn and smaller Cu for high flow periods. Similarly water samples C and D had greater Zn and smaller Cr for low flow and higher Zn and lower Cu for high flow seasons, respectively. This investigation was further aimed to determine bioaccumulation of heavy metals including Zn, Ni, Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb, Mn, Fe and Hg in intestine, skin, liver, gills and muscle of Wallago attu, Ompok bimaculatus, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo dyocheilus and Aorichthys seen ghala of River Kabul and compared with permissible limits of RDA. Overall accumulation of metals in Wallago attu was highest in skin and lowest in liver, in Aorichthys seenghala was higher in skin and lower in intestine, in Labeo xxxi dyocheilus was high in skin and low in muscle, in Cyprinus carpio was maximum in intestine and minimum in muscle and in Ompok bimaculatus was more in gills and less in muscle. Thus overall order of heavy metals concentration in different fish organs was intestine > skin > liver > gills > muscle and in different fish spcies was Cyprinus carpio >Ompok bimaculatus >Aorichthys seenghala >Labeo dyocheilus >Wallago attu. This shows that highest metals accumulated organ was intestine and fish was Cyprinus carpio while lowest metals accumulated tissue was muscle and fish was Wallago attu. Overall order of metals concentration in different tissues showed that Zn was the highly and Cd was the lowest accumulated metals. Comparing this result with RDA renders that in skin Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb and Hg and in muscle Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb and Hg levels were above the RDA recommended limits. Further more the present investigation was conducted to assess genotoxicological impacts of heavy metals in various tissues and organs of selected fish species. Therefore degree of DNA damage like TCS and comet class 0, class 1, class 2, class 3 and class 4 were determined in blood, intestine, skin, gills, liver and muscle cells of Wallago attu, Ompok bimaculatus, Labeo dyocheilus, Cyprinus carpio and Aorichthys seenghala of River Kabul. Overall degree of DNA damage cells in Wallago attu were highest in blood and lowest in muscle, in Aorichthys seenghala were greatest in intestine and smallest in muscle, in Labeo dyocheilus were more in blood and less in muscle, in Cyprinus carpio were high in blood and low in muscle and in Ompok bimaculatus were maximum in intestine and minimum in muscle. Overall trend of DNA damage cells in different tissues was intestine > blood > skin > liver > gills > muscle and in different fish species was Cyprinus carpio >Ompok bimaculatus >Aorichthys seenghala >Labeo dyocheilus >Wallago attu. This indicates that highest degree of DNA damage cells were found in intestine and lowest in muscle. Similarly higher frequency of DNA damage cells was observed in Cyprinus carpio and lowest in Wallago attu. This study was further meant to investigate histopathological impacts of heavy metals in various tissues and organs like intestine, gills, liver and muscle of Wallago xxxii attu, Ompok bimaculatus, Labeo dyocheilus, Cyprinus carpio and Aorichthys seenghala. The observed lesions in intestine of selected studied fish species were degeneration of epithelium, complete degeneration of cillia, inflammation, coagulative necrosis and degenerative cillia, in gills were disquamation and distortion of secondary lamellae with epithelial cell exudate, clumping of gills lamellae, necrotic area, epithelial disquamation, non specific inflammation, vacuolation and oedema, in liver were inflammation, hydropic degeneration, coagulative necrosis, non specific inflammation, liquefactive necrosis and spongiosis hepatis and in muscle were fibrillar degeneration, inflammation, coagulative necrosis and non specific inflammation. Overall pathological abnormalities in Wallago attu were the highest in liver and lowest in the gills, in Aorichthys seenghala were more in liver and less in gills, in Labeo dyocheilus were maximum in gills and minimum in intestine, in Cyprinus carpio were higher in intestine and lower in muscle and in Ompok bimaculatus were greater in liver and smaller in gills. Overall order of different pathological lesions in different fish organs was liver > intestine >gills > muscle and in different fish species was Cyprinus carpio >Ompok bimaculatus >Labeo dyocheilus >Aorichthys seenghala >Wallago attu.This highlights that highest histopathological disorders were found in liver and lowest in muscle. Similarly highest pathological alterations were observed in Cyprinus carpio and lowest in Wallago attu. Key Words: River Kabul, Physico-chemical parameters, Heavy metals, Bioaccumulation, Genotoxicity, Histopathology.
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    ECOLOGY OF MURREE VOLE, HYPERACRIUS WYNNEI BLANDFORD, IN GALLIAT, HAZARA, PAKISTAN
    (Department Of Zoology, University Of Peshawar, 1991-03) Mohammad Arshad; Supervisor Dr. M. Nasim Siddiqui
    Ecology of the Murree vole, Hyper acrius wynnei, was studied in Galliat from 1985 to 1989. Being entirely fossorial the head is massive with short neck. Body is thick and cylindrical with short tail, small ears and small but strong fore-legs. Eyes are tiny with limitted vision. Variability in body weight, body length and tail length was more or less remained the same throughout the study period. The Murree vole was well distributed in Galliat and was found from 1830-3050 m elevation, being quite abundant in the grass, cultivated and abandoned fields. Soil texture, depth of the top soil, grass, topography and presence of rocks influenced its spatial distribution. Distribution of the vole corresponded roughly with silver fir. It lived in colonies and excavated an extensive system of shallow galleries spreading over more than 400 m² . The burrow system served for shelter, protection from enemies, as a means of obtaining food and as a place to rear young ones. The burrowing activities were related to rainfall. The Murree vole is a generalist feeder; fragments of 22 species of herbs and one of shrub were identified from its stomach contents. During winter it mainly fed on the bark of the shrubs. Tall plants were preferred over small ones. The Murree vole did not hibernate and bred throughout the year, the pregnancy rate being low (36.65%). Significantly high and low pregnancy rate was found in September-October and November-December samples of 1985 respectively. Litter size was small (1-4), usually 1-2, and during November-December, all the females had only one embryo. Prenatal mortality was very low (5.34%). There was no change in the mean testes length in different seasons.In adults, sex ratios did not deviate from normal sex ratio (1:1). The juvenile showed imbalanced sex ratios skewed towards males, suggesting more mortality of young males during development. The major portion of the populations comprised of juveniles (28.4%). There was no significant seasonal difference in the mean body weight. One species of nematode and one species of pentastomids were recorded. Fleas and mites were quite common in monsoon season. The only apparent serious predator was domestic cat. The Murree vole is a pest of maize, potatoes and apple trees. About 4.0% of maize plants were damaged by the vole, while damage to potato crops was 6.8%. It fed on the bark of the apple tree and destroyed about 6.0% of the trees.
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    Biological and Taxonomic Studies of Larvae and Pupae of Simuliidae of NWFP (Pakistan)
    (Department Of Zoology, 1995-11) Abdul Hamid Jan M. Phill; Supervisor Dr. Prof. Pirzada Muhammad Saleem
    During a survey of larvae and pupae of the black flies of N.W.F.P., conducted from November 1992 to October Resta total of 36 species were recorded from 50 sites. The collection was made from 11 districts and one Agency i.e., Abbottabad, Bannu, Chitral, Charsadda, Dir, Kohat, Mansehra, Mardan, Peshawar, Swabi, Swat and Malakand Agency of North West Frontier Province (Pakistan). The study included Taxonomy and Ecology of preimaginal stages considering, breeding preferences, substratum preferences, physical parameters of water bodies like water temperature (10-36°C), speed (31-89 cm/sec.), transparency (20-40cm), depth (14-55cm), breeding altitude (285-2800 m), humidity (10-80%) and rainfall (4-100 mn), and chemical parameters like PH (5.7-7.5), NH;-N (.03-.089 ug/cm*), Co; (.199-.9 mn/L), HCo; (.108-.79 mm/L), Cl (0.061- 0.401 mm/L) and Ca** (1.1-3.9 mm/L) . The species recorded in this work are 1. Boophthora erythrocephala, 2. B. sericata, 3. Eusimulium aureum, 4. E. bicorn, 5. E. diriense sp.n., 6. E. fontinale, 7. £. agvilletense alizadei, 8. E. ge avilletense, 9. E. inflatum, 10. E. lepnevae, 11. E. malakandiense sp.n., 12. E. montium, 13. E. planiparun, 14. E. pygmaeum, 15. Obuchovia albella, 16. 0. chitraliense sp-n., 17. Simulium aureohirtum, 18. s. austeni, 19. s. kohatiense sp.n., 20. S. kurense, 21. S. moristan, 22. s. multistriatum, 23. S. puri sp.n., 24. S. remotum, 25. s. Swatiense sp.n., 26. S. tumolusum, 27. Ss. worsakiense SPp-n., 28. S. xanthogastrum, 29. Wilhelmia e. equina, 30. W. lineata, 31. W. mayariense sp.n., 32. W. mediterranea, 33. W. paraequina, 34. W. salopiensis, 35. W. turgaica, 36. W. veltistshevi. The type of the specimens (Holotypes) have been deposited in the department of Zoology, University of Peshawar. The larvae and pupae were collected attached to submerged vegetation like Typha, Potomogeton, Echinochloa, Hydrella and Cynodon, roots of terrestrial tree, white plastic, sticks, solid rocks, loose rocks or bolders small stone and dead leaves from different water bodies like slow muddy irrigntionai channel, swift rocky irrigational channel, slow muddy stream, swift rocky or muddy stream, sandy or muddy slow river, swift rocky larg rivers, small and large water fall, and rocky hill spring water.
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    ASSESSMENT OF SAND FLIES (DIPTERA PSYCHODIDAE) DIVERSITY, SEASONAL ABUNDANCE AND LEISHAMNIASIS RISK FACTORS IN DISTRICTS DIR, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN
    (Department Of Zoology, 2012) Khurshaid Khan; Supervisor Prof. Dr. Naheed Ali
    The aim of the current study was to determined sand flies species composition, diversity, seasonal variations, spatial distribution and leishmaniasis associated risk factors in Dir districts. The fieldwork was carried out in 40 villages from January to December, 2014 in Timergara, Balambat, Khall and Warae. A total of 7292 sand flies comprising 20 species of two genera; Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia were recorded through sticky traps, insecticide spray and mouth aspiration. Phlebotomus was presented by nine species while Sergentomyia was shown by eleven species. Peak number (6229) of flies were collected through sticky traps followed by insecticide spray (978) and mouth aspirator (85). Overall, male to female ratio was 3:1. A total of 15 species were recorded in Tehsil Timergara; 13(Balambat); 10 (Khall); and 7 (Warae). Diversity of sand flies was high in Timergara followed by Balambat, Khall and Warae. P. salengensis was the most abundant species and was collected from three Tehsils (Timergara, Balambat and Khall) followed by P. sergenti. Similarity of species was high between Khall and Timergara as well as in Balambat and Warae. P. sergenti, S. babu, S. baghdadis, S. dentata and S. hospittii were reported from four tehsils. The remaining fifteen (15) species showed restricted distribution to one, two or three tehsils. P. salengensis, P. hindustanicus, P. andrejevi, P. kazeroni, P. bergeroti, P. ansari, S. turkistanica and S. grekovi were reported for the first time from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Among them P. ansari was recorded for this first time from Pakistan. A total of 88 specimens were not identified up to species level. Regarding seasonal variation in the studied area, sand flies showed their appearance in May and presented peak aggregation in August and were disappeared from 4 November to April. Density of sand flies was positively associated with climatic factors (temperature and relative humidity). Flies presented greater abundance in domestic habitats (6535) as compared to peridomestic sites (621). Males to female ratio inside houses were 3:1 and outside houses 6:1. In domestic sites sand flies were collected from different designed houses; mud made, concreted and stone made houses. High flies abundance were found in mud made houses followed by concreted and stone made houses. During the survey, immature males of three species (P. salengensis, P. sergenti and P. andrejevi) were collected from cattle sheds most particularly from combined dwellings and cattle corrals. Which were the probable breeding sites of these sand fly species. Similarly, a total of seven species were recorded from twelve plant species and greater number was recorded from plants belonging to Cucurbitaceae family. Moreover, eleven caves were visited and flies were sampled in which S. bailyi was the most abundant species. Species specific spatial distribution of sand flies in relation to related physical factor (elevation) probably attributed to a variable land escape. In univariate analysis, factors such as villages, number of rooms, family size, level of education, eaves, cooling equipment used, family members residing outside country, mosquito bed nets and vegetation were positively associated with the Leishmaniasis in the study area. In bivariate analysis, villages, low level of education, eaves and family members residing outside country were found to increase the risk of the disease in the region.