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THE IMPACTS OF MIGRATION OF CHITRALESE TO PESHAWAR: A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
(INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL WORK, SOCIOLOGY AND GENDER STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR, 2014-01-28) Akhtar Ali; Supervisor: Rashid Khan
The present study was carried out to look into the prospects of migration as phenomena from Chitral to Peshawar with the aim of improvement in livelihood through the study objectives, like assessing the socio-economic status of the migrants, studying migration in the perspective of its pull and push factors, the remittances received from these migrants and along with effects on the relative life standards through exploring the relationship between push and pull factors. All those working in the Chitrali market, Peshawar were the potential population of the study with association to their relatives back in Chitral. A sample size of 500 Chitralese (mostly workers and businessmen) as household heads, 250 each from Peshawar and Chitral were randomly selected from the total population of 5000. Data were collected through a well designed interview schedule while ensuring the incorporation of each aspect of the study. Frequency distributions were carried out to dig out the information in percentage while for ascertaining the relationship between dependent variables i.e. (Income and family size) were cross tabulated through association test (2) with the independent variables. The study found that majority i.e. (74.4%) respondents were from the joint family system with monthly income ranges from (10001–20000) constituted the majority i.e. (78.4%) respectively. At bi-variate level, pre-migration occupation, family size, purpose of spending money, comparison between present and previous job, reason of migration to Peshawar, reason of leaving native area, wife execution of responsibilities at home and development of new habits of the migrants at the point of destination were found significant (p < 0.05) with family type (dependent variable). Moreover, push factors, pull factors, monthly expenditure, saving, amount of money being spent were found significant (p < 0.05) with income (dependent variable). In addition, T-test statistics were also carried out to measure the pre and post migration effects. It was found that amount spent on health, housing conditions, education of children, household goods, using agricultural inputs, spending on daily use items, livestock, indoor recreational facilities, women education, income, fuel consumption, and telephone/ cell facilities were found highly significant (P = 0.000).
The study concluded that people (migrants) had low income level at their native areas. Laborers were in abundance, as agriculture was the dominant profession. Formal education was of trivial nature while religious education in dominance was the most push factors. Upon the migration, migrants were found successful in enhancing their income, sending money (savings) to native areas. Remittances, received were contributing towards spending on children education, health and on over all improvement in the socio-economic profile of the respondents. Moreover, the income was found to be used for enhancement in educational excellence of the kids of migrants, along with structural modification in house construction and infra-structural development. In addition, only agricultural back at Chitral, migration made them exposed to iii joining new and innovative interventions in terms of jobs. Moreover, matriarchal traits were also discovered, where women were performing a leading role in the absence of males at their relative households. Based on the findings of the study, a well designed institutional mechanism of predicting and regulating the migration phenomena with sequential out-comes, designing a policy of development of the native areas in light of remittances received, while focusing on structural and functional growth of the area including construction of infrastructure facilities through provision of complete package were suggested as policy recommendations in light of the study.
Analysis of Toxic Heavy Metals and Pesticides in Dairy Milk of Peshawar District
(2011) Bushra Iftikhar; Supervised by Prof. Dr. Shafiq-ur-Rehman
Suicidal Ideation and Problem Solving Skills of University Students of Ireland
(Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 2005) Farah Deeba; Supervised by Prof. Dr Maher Bano
To investigate whethersuicidal ideation is an indicator ofsuicide risk, a study was undertaken to examine the ability of suicidal ideation to distinguish population segments on the basis of their attitudes to suicidal behaviour and their own problem solving ability. Three hundred and fifty students attending University College Cork, Ireland were randomly selected and administered the questionnaire used was designed specifically for the present study and comprised four self-report measures in English language appeared in the following order. Demographic information was modified from the socio demographic section of the European Parasuicide study Interview schedule (Kerkhofet al., 1994), Fourfactorially derived Clinical Scales from the Suicide Opinion Questionnaire (Domino et al., 1996), Suicide History Questionnaire was modified from the demographic section of the Suicide Opinion Questionnaire (Domino etal., 1982), The Self-rating Problem Solving Scale (McLeavey and Daly, 1988). The mean age of the sample was 19.1 years, with a model age of 18. Age ranged from 17years to 25 years. Respondents were allocated to one of three groups on the basis of their lifetime suicidal ideation history: Non-ideators: 239 respondents (69%) who had never considered suicide in their lifetime; Ideators: 109 respondents (31%) who had considered suicide at least once; Planners: 21 Ideators who had made a plan for self-harm. Non-ideators had the highest problem solving scores and were significantly better than planners (p < 0.001) and Ideators (p < 0.001).Ideators without a plan scored higher than planners (p<0.435). Male and female respondents did not differ significantly overall, but they did exhibit distinctly different pattems in problem solving across ideation levels. Non ideators were significantly less in agreement than the Ideators and Planners (p < 0.001) with the attitude that suicidal behaviour is normal. Non-ideators were also significantly less in agreement than Ideators (p < 0.001) and Planners (p < 0.015) with the behaviourthatpeople have the right to take their own lives. There were no significant genderdifferences on anyofthe attitude scores. Test-retest correlations were significant for all scales (p < 0.01). One quarter ofthe Planners reportedthat they were more likely than not to attempt suicide while only 2% of Non-ideators and Ideators respectively expressed this estimate. Step-wise selection ofpredictor variables indicated that gender. normality and problem- solving scores were effective as gender and all five scales combined correctly classifying one-third of the Ideators and approximately half of the Planners. The findings are evaluated in terms of predicting the suicide risk.
Specific Learning Difficulties: Diagnosis and Implications for Social Psychological Functioning
(Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 2005) Erum Irshad; Supervised by Dr Nighat Gillani
The present research examined the prevalence ofspecific learning disabilities and its implication for social psychological functioning among girls. The research was carried out in two phases. The first phase comprised of development of a screening check list, development of the scale to measure learning disabilities and establishing its discriminant validity. The second phase comprised of assessing the 1.0 level oflearning disable and non disable girls and to investigate psychological comorbidity among the girls who have learning disabilities. Raven Colour Progressive Matrices and Human Figure Drawing test was used for the assessment of level of intelligence and to investigate psychological comorbidity. From an initial pool of item based on most reported symptoms of learning disabilities seventeen items were selected after meeting the criteria ofinclusion. Over all the results of validity test provided good evidence of discriminant validity
and confirmed the diagnostic value of newly devised scale. The sample of phase one comprised off our hundred girls students who were initially assessed on screening check list to find out the presence of symptoms of specific learning disabilities. Those girls students who responded yes to twelve or more than twelve symptoms were selected for further assessment and rest of them were excluded as they were not showing symptoms of learning disabilities. Out off our hundred two hundred girls students who showed symptoms of specific learning disabilities were further assessed on learning disabilities scale. Seventy five girls students out of two hundred were diagnosed as suffering from specific learning disabilities. Similar assessment procedure was adopted with seventy five non disable girls students. It was hypothesized that poor selfimage, anxiety, depression and aggression will be more prevalent among girls suffering from specific learning disabilities than those without specific learning disabilities. Results supported our hypotheses. It was found that girls suffering from specific leaning disabilities showed greater number of emotional indicators on
Human Figure Drawing Test measuringpoorselfimage, anxiety, aggression and depression as compared to non disable girls who showed lesser number of emotional indicators. Scores of learning disable and non disable girls on Coloured Progrsessive Matrices showed no significant differences between the two groups. The relationship between specific learning disabilities and psychological comorbidity was evident and supported some of the previous findings.
Psychological Effects on Sexually Abused Children in NWFP
(Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 2004) Asghar Ali Shah; Supervised by Prof Dr Maher Bano
The purpose of the present research was to investigate the psychological effects of child sexual abuse (CSA) on adults. One hundreds male adults ranging in age eighteen to thirty years from the different cities of North Western Frontier Province, Pakistan acted as subjects. Half of them having the experience ofchild sexual abuse in their childhood and the remaining fifty subjects were non-victims of CSA. Social functioning, depression, suicide ideation, hopelessness,
negative self-evaluation, hostility and suicide probability are the major symptoms andpsychological effects investigated in the study. According to the symptoms,clinical observations, and behaviors ofthe victims of CSA, a scale comprising 17 itemsJor assessment of social functioning of the subjects was device. The reliability of the scale was quite high. Salma Shah Depression Scale (SSDS 1992) was used for assessment of depression amoxg the subjects. Suicide Probability Scale (SPS) measured suicide ideation and suicide probability. The same scales, SPS containing the subscales mentioned above, assessed hostility, hopelessness, negative self-evaluation and suicide probability . Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) measured depression and suicide ideation among the subjects.The findings of the research indicate that there is a significant difference on depression, suicide ideation, hostility, hopelessness and suicide ideation among the victims of CSA and non-victims. Social functioning of the victims of CSA is poor as compared to non-abused adults. The findings indicate non-significant difference) on sub-scale of SPSfor assessment ofnegative-self-evaluation ofthe sexual abused and non-abusedgroups. Non-significant differences areformulatedin terms of education and age of the subjects indicated that the age and education ofthe subjects did not affect the results and the intensity of psychological effects. The results demonstrated that social functioning, depression, suicide ideation, hostility, hopelessness and suicide ideation are significantly higher among the victims of CSA adults as compared to non-victims of the present sample.