Soil Conservation in River Swat Watershed North West Frontier Province (NWFP) Pakistan

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dc.contributor.authorMohammad Nafees
dc.contributor.authorSupervised By: Dr. Hizbullah Khan
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-28T03:37:56Z
dc.date.available2026-07-28T03:37:56Z
dc.date.issued2007
dc.description.abstractRiver Swat watershed which is also known as Swat Valley is situated in the northern half of North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Pakistan. It is a combination of three districts, namely Malakand, Dir Lower and Swat was studied during 2004-07. These districts, especially Swat has got tremendous contribution in forestry, agriculture, horticulture and tourism. However, because of mismanagement, ignorance and lack of awareness, the quality of land resources is deteriorating day by day. Agricultural practices (over use of agro-chemicals), mining and tourisms are the various human activities, which affect soil quality in terms of habitat loss, deforestation, soil erosion and contamination. In this study an attempt has been made to investigate different aspects of River Swat watershed with special reference to soil conservation. For this purpose literature and questionnaire surveys were conducted and were crosschecked with the results obtained in the laboratory. For laboratory analysis 212 soil-samples were collected from 100 villages. Theses samples were analyzed for soil texture, pH, conductivity and water-soluble contents. Out of 212 samples, 63 samples (30%) were analyzed for important anions and cations. Anions like Nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, and chloride while in cations calcium, iron, zinc, cadmium and molybdenum were determined. To evaluate the soil for contamination, selected samples (6% of the total) were analyzed for pesticides. For interview and questionnaire survey, 50 villages were selected. During the questionnaire survey, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques were also used. Soil erosion was estimated indirectly by analyzing river swat for suspended load. Three samples per month were collected from Chakadara, the end point of river Swat. Discharge data were colleted form Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA), Pakistan.
dc.identifier.urihttp://repository.uop.edu.pk/123456789/493
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherDepartment of Environmental Sciences
dc.relation.ispartofseries100044
dc.titleSoil Conservation in River Swat Watershed North West Frontier Province (NWFP) Pakistan
dc.typeThesis
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