Mohammad NafeesSupervisor By: Dr. Hizbullah Khan2026-09-222026-09-222007http://repository.uop.edu.pk/123456789/594The work presented in this manuscript was accomplished under the kind supervision of Dr. Hizbullah Khan Department of Environmental Sciences and Co-Supervisor Dr. M. Rasul Jan, Department of Chemistry, University of Peshawar. With out their help it would have remained a mere dream. The painstaking efforts are gratefully acknowledged. Special thanks also goes to Prof. Dr.Shafiq ur Rehman, Chairman Department of Environmental Sciences, for his help and co-operation. He provided me with all opportunities to facilitate, both field as well as laboratory work. Special thinks goes to all the course supervisor,, including, Dr. Hizbullah, Dr. Noor Jehan and Prof. Dr. Shafiq ur Rehman of Environmental Sc and Prof,. Dr. Late Hamidullah Khan, Sumbal Bahar, Dr. Samina and Mr. Sufyan of Geology center. I am thankful to all my collogue in the department of environmental Sciences, Including Mr. Iftikhar Ahmad, Saeeda Yousaf, Anjuman Shaheen and Noorenn Aurangzaib, for their support in the study. Thanks also goes to Mr. Fayaz Ali, department of Geology for his company in field work and his technical help in the geological aspects of the study area.enThesis