KIFAYATULLAH KHANSupervised By: Dr. Hizbullah Khan2026-07-272026-07-272013http://repository.uop.edu.pk/123456789/478Heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) are the toxic contaminants, originate in the environment and cycled between atmosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere (soil) and even biosphere of the earth through a complex and inter connected biogeochemical processes (Castro-Gonzalez and Mendez-Armenta, 2008; Turkez et al., 2012; Vila et al., 2012; Donaldson et al., 2011).enThesis